Story of Jose Rizal by Austin Craig Essay Example

Story of Jose Rizal by Austin Craig Essay Example Story of Jose Rizal by Austin Craig Paper Story of Jose Rizal by Austin Craig Paper of the courtesy of the Spaniards, uniformly experienced during the five years i^i ivliich this study has been in indgrcss. I^HIUPflNK KDUCifVXION PUBLISH ^fC* COMPANY KBCJISTERED IN THE PHILIPPINES ISLANIS I (Txi/Jif of Tranxhifiori lifiicrved . ) Press of Methodist Publishing House, Manila. EN The Story of ^Jose Rizae ^J OSE RIZAL, the martyr- hero of the Philippines, on the southwest shore of the picturesque laguna of Bay, in Luzon, June 19, 18G1. His fathers family began in the Philippines with a Chinaman named Lam co who came from the Amoy district to Manila possibly because of the political troubles which followed the conquest of his country by the Manchu invaders. It was in 1697 that this ancestor, whose Christian name was Domingo, was baptized in the Parian hurch of San Gabriel. Â » was born At first in Kiilamba, a merchant, he finally made up his mind to stay in these Islands, and turned farmer to escape the bitter anti Chinese prejudice which then existed in Manila. Rftther late in life he married the daughter of a countryman who was a dealer in rice and moved into La Laguna province to become a tenant on the Dominican Friars estate at B iiian. His son. Francisco Mercado y Chinco, apparently owed his surname to the Chinese custom of looking to the appropriateness of the meaning. Sangley, the name thruout all the Philippines for Chinamen ignifies travelling trader and in the shop Spanish cf the Islands mercado was used for trader. So Lamco evidently intended that his descendants should stop travelling but not cease being traders. Francisco Mercado was a name held in high honor in La Laguna for it had belonged to a famous sea captain who had been given the encomienda of Bay for his services and had there won the regard of those who paid tribute to him by his fairness and interest in their welfare. Franciscos son was Captain Juan Mercado y Monica and he took advantage of his position to expunge from the municipal records the designation Chinese mestizo fter the names of himself and family. Thus he saved the higher fees and taxes which Chinese mestizos then were compelled to pay. The Captain died when his youngest son, Francisco Fngracio Mercado y Alexandra, was only nine years old. An unmarried sister, Potenciana, twenty years older than boy and sent him to the Latin school. years later the husband of their sister Petrona died and they moved to the neighboring hacienda of Kalamba, also belonging to the Dominican order, to help the widow with her farm. The landlords recognized the industry of the young farmer and kept increasing his land until he became one f the most prosperous of their tenants. In 1847 his sister Potenciana died and the following year Francisco married. he, looked after the Some Dr. Rizals Father His wife, Teodora Alonso y Quintos, was nine years his junior and a woman not only of exceptional ability but with an education unusual for that time in its modern- She was of Ilocano-Tagalog-Chineseness and liberality. Spanish descent, possibly having even a little Japanese blood, and her family counted lawyers, priests, govern- ment officials and merchants among its members. They boas ted of one representative of the Philippines in the Spanish Cortes, and it is said to have been a youthful ambition of Dr. Rizal to fill some day the same position. A new family name was adopted in 1850 by authority of the royal decree of the preceding year which sought to remedy the confusion resulting from many unrelated Filipinos having the same surnames and a still greater number having no last names at all. The new name, however, was not taken from the government lists but appears to have been selected, as was the old one, because of its appropriateness. Rizal, a shortened form of the Spanish word for second crop, seemed suited to a family of armers who were making a second start in a new home. Francisco Rizal soon found that in spite of his legal authority for it. the new name was making confusion in business affairs begun under the old name, so he comproHis mothmised, after a few years, on Rizal Mercado. er-in-law, who lived in the neighborhood, at the same time adopted the name Rialonda and her children fol lowed her example. So it was that when Jose Protasio Rizal was baptized, the record showed his parents as Francisco Rizal Mercado and Teodora Realonda, another spelling of Rialonda. St. Protasio, the childs patron, very properly was a artyr, and that a Filipino priest baptized and a secular archbishop confirmed him seem also fitting. Joses mother taught him his letters, learned at three, and his uncles and an- aunt interested themselves in his training untila young man named Monroy, who had studied for the priesthood but never taken the final orders, came into the house as Joses tutor. The impression of his first reading lesson, which was the story of the foolish butterfly in Abbe Sabatiers Childrens Friend, was prophetic of a martyrs fate, for the child envied the insect which had died for the sake of Early the injustices and abuses daily to be he light. seen in Kalamba attracted his attention and he wondered if in the land across the lake, which to him then seem- ed a distant country, the people wer e happier and the officials less cruel than they were on the shore where his home was. No small part of his childhood training came from listening to the Spaniards, officials and priests, who generally were guests in the Eizal home when they visited Kalamba. The parish priest, Father Leoncio Lopez, also made the boy the companion of his walks, and the confidant of his views on the injustices done the Filipino clergy. On his pony or afoot with his dog Usman, Jose explored all the picturesque region which lies about Kalamba, but his first journey from home was at seven when his family -visited Antipolo during the festival in honor of the Virgin *of Peace and Safe Travfl which had been brought from America by an early Spanish governor. Until he went away to school, and then during his holidays at home, entertainments were given the neighbors Our Lady of Peace and Safe Voyages who is venerated at Actipolo - l()rii Hail. Flower of Purity, Queen Hail, Al Juveniud Pilipina,. of the seas. Seamens Security, Emblem of peace. Antipolo. Of thee we all know. The fame of thy name shall not cease. The picture was found RizaVs album and in Dr. engraving placed by him, according to the Filipino custom, inside his is the chest home. when he Jirst left and shadow movintr pictures. These shadowgraphs were made by paper figures moved by his clever fingers between a lamp and a white curtain. Their novelty and his skill were the subject of village talk which magnified them as it repeated the stories until the boy came to be enveloped in a sort of mystery. As he became more than a local hero, these tales spread thru the archipelago abreast with his growing reputation nd were doubtless the foundation for the belief in his miraculous powers which existed among the illiterate of his countrymen. In two years at the Biiian Latin school, where he lived in the home of an aunt, he got beyond tlie old schoolmaster, Florentino Aquin Cruz, and returned to Kalamba to wait till he was old enough to go to Manila. After a few weeks in the public school under a Lu cas Padua, who had been a student in the Jesuit Normal School, Jose rested for a while from studying. His unfavorable opinion of the public school and its methods are very apparent, however, from frequent references in his writings. His brother Paciano had been studying philosophy in San Jose College but really had been more interested in the stirring political matters of the day so that it was considered better for Jose, when he went to Manila, to not go with the elder brother. He lived with the keeper of a sinauiay store in which his mother was a partner thru furnishing the capital, and seems first to have been examined in San Juan de Letran College but not to have attended there. This was in June, 187 1, and of the rest of that school year there is no record, but college mates say that once in Spain he spoke f having been in the Jesuit Normal and laughed aver the recollection of his first struggles with Spanish. His Ateneo record shows credit for arithmetic but evidently given for examination on entrance, which was June 15, 1872, and learning Spanish would certainly have been enough work for one year. The first year in Manila was important in Dr. Rizals education tho the knowledge was not gained in school. On January 20, 1872, the liberal ideas that had been rapidly gaining ground in the Philippines received a terrible set back thru an insurrection in Cavite which was of sleight- of -liaiid tricks ade the pretext for removing the progressive leaders tho their guilt was never established and the people bePaciano kept his brother posted on lieved them innocent. the conditions nor did Mrs. Rizal conceal from her sons her interest in the situation and belief that injustice was being done^ To the memory of the priests, Don MARIANO GOMEZ (aged 86 years) DoD JOSE BURGOS (aged 30 years )Â » and Don JACINTO Executed ZAMORA on (aged 35 years) Bagumbayan Field February, 1872. The Church, by refusing to unfrock you, has placed in doubt the crime which has been charged against you; the State, by enveloping your trial in ystery and uncertainty, caused belief in an error committed in a fatal moment; and the Philippines, by venerating your memory and calling you martyrs, does not recognize in any way your guilt. {The dedication of the novel El Filibustensmo. ^^) JO With the following year, when he entered the Ateneo Municipal, his real schooling began. This school, whose semi-centennial is to be celebrated in 1909 and which has educated the greater part of the leading men of the Philippines of today, had been founded by the Jesuits upon their return to the Islands after nearly a century of banishment. In methods of instruction it was in 1872 the only modern school in Manila, but it was particularly because Filipinos were given the same treatment there as Spaniards that the school was so popular. Hundreds were going as day scholars awaiting a vacancy in the dormitory that they might enjoy the advantages of a boarder. It was not until his fourth year that Joses opportunity came. The Ateneo Municipal On March 14, 1877, he received his bachelors degree in Arts with highest honors, having been first in his class in both deportmtent and scholarship thruout the course and having won most of the prizes offered by the school. The next year he did double work, taking the first year in philosophy in the University of Santo Tomas and studying agriculture in. the Ateneo. This latter course was also completed with highest honors but because h^ was not yet of the legal age his credentials as agricultural expert and surveyor were not issued until two years later. 11 Hig second, third and fourth years in the Manila university were in medicine and were combined with outside studies in painting, and sculpture, and interest in two societies established by the Jesuits, the Academy of Spanish Literature, of which he was president, and the Academy of Physical Sciences, in which he held the position of secretary. Modelling liad come from making masks, or false faces, from clay for which Jose used to go out to a cousins brick yard at San Pedro Macati, and when younger his play with wax in Kalamba had been to fashion rude birds. Drawings of men with arms like Xs on the margins ot his Abbe Sabatier, for which his mother had scolded him, had been followed by daubings in color. One festival day, when an important banner had been lost just before Bust, Rizal, by modelled of Padre Dr. Guerrico, one of his Ateneo instruc- received tors. medal t (1904) 12 It Exposition. the St. a gold Louis the procession in which it was to be used, young Rizal hastily painted a substitute that the dehghted municipal captain said was every bit as good as the original which had come from Manila. From a Spanish translation of the Latin Vulgate his mother had read to him the poetry of the Bible as well as the stories usually told to children and it s rich imagery had made an impression. Then she had encouraged his efforts at rhyming, which were inspired by the simple verses in Abbe Sabatiers Childrens Friend, and at eight a Tagalog comedy of his had een bought by the municipal captain of Paet for as much as a farm laborer earned in half a month. Verses to Magellan, to El Cano, on Education, a French ode, and a dozen other efforts had given practice and each was better than its predecessor. At eighteen competition held by the Liceo Artispoem Al Juventud Filipina (To the Filipino Youth) he won the special prize for imliaths in a tico Literario with the and mestizos. The next year the same lyceum in a contest in honor of Cervantes allowed Spaniards, mestizos and imUans ail to enter the same competition. The first prize for prose as awarded Jose Rizals Consejo de los dioses (Council of the Gods) and the jury gave it another special prize as the best critical appreciation of the author of Don Quixote. At the public meeting in the old Variadades theatre, Governor General Primo de Rivera presented to the young student the gold ring bearing a bust of Cervantes which had been won by him as one who had honored Spain in this distant land, to quote from the newspaper account. Everybody had expected this prize to be won by Friar Evaristo Arias, one of the most brilliant literary men the CFniversity of Santo Tomas had ever had on its faculty, nd there was astonishment and disappointment among his many friends who were present to applaud his triumph when the award of the jury and the opening of the envelopes reveafed the success of an unknown medical student. Naturally, as the Jesuits and Dominicans were rivals in school work, there was corresponding elation in the Ateneo and among its friends for, tho Rizal was a student 13 THE The use of the PRIZE FOR AL word Spain in JUVENTIJD FILIPINA the translation makes the meaninxi vnmistakable bid the reference ivas not obscure in the originoh Prosperity once for an era in th is land held reign. But now it groans beneath an iron yoke, Slowly expiring from a mortal stroke Ruthlessly dealt by the grim, nnpitying hand of Spain. And yet if it should now devoutly bend tlie knee At the shrine of Patriotism, might it still be free? Alas! In the sad future, for unnumbered days, AVill come the reckoning which man repays AVho, putting his own before his countrys gain, Finds in his own ensuing degradation, Slave of a cruel, harsh invading nation, His rewanl; in pestilential ars and endless pain. 14 Paciaiio encouraged him and so did Antonio Kivera, a distant cousin of bis mothers in whose house he had I5een living and to whose beautiful daughter, a few years younger than himself, be was engaged. Nor did his old professors in the Ateneo, of whom he sought advice, try to dissuade him. So, on May 5, 1882, after he had been recalled by a cipher telegram from Kalamba, where he had been staying for a short visit, he embarked for Singapore on the mail steamer Salvadora and after the six days that the journey then took he transferred to a foreign passenger ship which carried him to Barcelona. There was quite a distinguished passenger list of returning officials and their families among whom Rizal figured, according to is passport, as J^se Mercado, a native of the district Paciano furnished the funds but as soon of Santa Cruz. as his father learned of Joses going he arranged to send him money regularly thru Antonio Rivera. This roundabout way was necessary as life would not have been pleasant for any provincial family known to have sent one of its sons abroad to be educated, especially fo r a family like the Mercados who were tenants on an estate which was part of the university endowment. From Barcelona Rizal quickly went to Madrid and contin^jed his double course in philosophy and letters and in medicine. Besides he found time for more lessons in rawing and painting, and studied languages under special teachers. In 1884 he received the degree of Licenciate in Medicine and the following year, on his twenty-fourth birthday, the like degree in Philosophy and in Letters, and with highest honors. On the voyage to Spain or just after arrival, Rizal wrote and sent back to a Manila Tagalog daily an article on love of native land, and he continued to write for the paper during the short time it lived. The Filipino students in Spain knew Rizal by reputation, many of them had bee a schoolmates of his, and they enthusiastically welcomed him, but in their gayety he took o part. He economized in everything else to have money to spend on books and his first purchases included Pic turesque America, Lives of the Presidents of the United States, The Anglo Saxons, The English ! ZALS SHIP ; m THE SUEZ CANAL [Photograph from IHs album) THE SONG OF THE WANDERER (Translation by Arthur P. Ferguson. ) Like to a leaf that is fallen and withered, Tossed by the tempest from pole unto pole, Thus roams the pilgrim abroad without purpose, Roams without love, without country or soul. Following anxiously treacherous fortune, Fortune which een as he grasps at it flees. Vain tho the hopps that his yearning is seeking Yet does the pilgrim embark on the seas Ever impelled by invisible power, Destined to roam from the East to the West, Oft he remembers the faces of loved ones, Dreams of the Day when he, too, was at rest. Chance may assign him a tomb on the desert. Grant him a final asylum of peace, Soon by the world and his country forgotten God rest his soul when his wanderings cease! Often the sorrowful pilgrim is envied. Circling the globe like a sea gull above; Little, ah, little they know that a void Saddens his soul by the absence of love. Home may the pilgrim return in the future, Back to his loved ones his footsteps he bends; Naught will he find but the snow and the ruins, Ashes of love and the tomb of his friends. Thou must seek other pasturcis, Stranger thou art in the land of thy birth, Others may sing of their love while rejoicing; Thou once again must retra verse the eartli. Pilgrim, begone! Pilgrim, begone! Nor return more hereafter, Dry are the tears that a while for you ran, Pilgrim, begone! and forget thy affliction. Loud Uughs the world at the sorrows of man. J8 Revolution and other indications that then, as he said later, the free peoples interested him most. The affectation and love of display of some of his countrymen disgusted him and at the same time convinced him of a theory he later declared in regard to race This same disgust, he reasoned, is felt toward the ostentatious new rich and the braggirt self-made man, only these when they come to their senses are no longer distinguishable from the rest of the world while the man of color must suffe r for the foolishness of his fellows. So he who by nature was little inclined to be self-conceited, boasting or loud came to be even more unaffected, simpler in dress and reposeful in manner as he tried to ake lymself as different as possible from a type he detested. Yet this was at no sacrifice of dignity but rather brought out more strongly his force of character. His many and close friendships with all who knew him, and that his most intimate friends were of the white race, (one of his Spanish jailers even asked to be relieved of his charge because the association was making him too prejudice. fond of his prisoner) seem to show that Dr. Rizals theory was right. One day, after an association aimed to help the Philippines had gone to pieces because no one seemed willing to do anything unless he were sure of all the glory, some f the students met in an effort to revive if. The effort was not successful and then Rizal proposed all joinino- in a book, illustrated by Filipino artists, to tell Spain about the real Philippines. The plan was enthusiastically received but tho there was eagerness to write about, the The Pilipina Woman the other subjects were neglected. Rizal was disappointed and dropped the Then he came across, in a second-hand booka French copy of The Wandering Jew and bought it to get practice in reading the language. The book affected him powerfully and he realized what an aid to the Philippines such a way of revealing its wrongs ould be, but he dreaded the appearance of self-conceit in announcing that he was going to write a book like subject. store, Eugene Sues. idea of writing So he said nothing to any one, yet the NoU Me Tangere was constantly in his 19 mind from the night in January of 1884 when he finished the French novel. During his stay in Madrid, Dr. Rizal waa made a freemason in Acacia Lodge No. 9 of the Gran Oriente de Espaiia at whose head was then Manuel Becerra, later Minister of Ultramar, or Colonies. Among the persons with whom he thus became acquainted were Manuel Ruiz Zorilla, Praxedes M. Sagasta, Emilio Castelar and Victor HowBalaguer, all prominent in the politics of Spain. ever slight the association, it came in the formative period of the young students life and turned his thoughts into He no longer constructive lines rather than destructive. thought only of getting rid of Spanish sovereignty but began to question what sort of a government was to reAt Barcelona he had seen the monument of place it. General Prim whose motto had been More liberal today than yesterday, more liberal tomorrow than today yet he knew how opposed the Spanish patriot had been to a Spanish republic because Spaniards were not prepared for it. So he resolved to prepare the Filipinos and the compaign of education which he saw being waged by Spaniards in Spain Rizal thought would be no more unpatriotic or anti-Spanish if carried on by a Filipino for the Philippines. Already he had become convinced of one political truth which was to separate him from other leaders of his countrymen, that the condition of the common people and not the form of, Uie government is - the all-important thing. From Madrid, after a short trip thru the more backward provinces because these were the country regions of Spain and so more fairly to be compared with the Philippines, Dr. Rizal in 1885 went to Paris and continued his medical studies under an eye specialist. Association with artists and seeing the treasures of the citys rich galleries also assisted in his art education. For the political part Masonry again was responsible. The Grand Orient of France was not recognized by the Spanish Masonry of which Rizal was a member but held relations with a rival organization over which Frof. MiMoray ta presided. So in Rue Cadet 16 he was initiated into this irregular body which had been responsible for the French Revolution and, because it did not re- guel 20 Dr. Rizals Library hown here makes the Of the open volumes first is in German, next Sites ^Wan- Attother small case with those half reinaining of his books. Goethe s Wilhelni Meisttr and the third a The Lives of the rlering Jew edit ion # of finely illustrated Spanish Presidents of the United St a ( EXPEDIENTK (7 ^? rother knew of the insurrection, tho the use of the thumbscrews and hanging him by the arms ha d taken place in Manila just after Dr. Rizal had sailed for Spain. In those days a prisoner was compelled to testify against himself, and the Doctor answered very frankly except Avhere othesrs ere concerned. The use of symbolic names among his Masonic acquaintances made jt possible for him to say in many cases that he did not know any one of such a name. At other times his memory was made the excuse for not caring to answer, but where it concerned himself there were no subterfuges. The man whose word was so sacred to him that he would not take any of the many chances to escape offered during his years in banishment disdained any attempt at deception. *^ He had said that his conscience was clear and in his trial he seemed only anxious that his real position shall be understood. In act he asked permission to address a proclamation to the rebels in the field who had been deceived into insurrection by the fraudulent use of his name, and when it was read by the prosecutor that zealous of ficial added it as him only -by another proof of disloyalty. It urged that tbey disband now, for they were unfitted for independence and should first educate and fit themselves before they attempted to There was no cringing or denying separate from Spain. Riof responsibility but neither was there any bravado. zals additions to his defense were as clearly reasoned and dispassionate as tho he were debating with a friend nd not on trial for his life. No time was lost in convicting him nor in confirming the military courts decision but he was sentenced to be shot on December 30, 1896. Just after Rizal became aware of his sentence to death but before bis transfer to the chapel he wrote the poem now f amors as The Final Farewell. It was copied on a small sheet of notepaper, folded lengthwise into a narrow strip and then doubled and wedged inside the tank of a little alcohol lamp on which his cooking in the cell had been done. At the farewell to his sister Trinidad while in the chapel he said: I have nothing to give you as a ouvenir except the cooking lamp Mrs. Tavera gave me and then so the guard might not while I was ii^ Paris understand he said in a low tone, in English, There is something inside. The lamp was taken with his other belongings from the fort and it was not until the night of the second day after his death that it was deemed safe to investigate. Then when the verses were found they were immediately copied and the copy without comment mailed to Hong Kong. There they were published. But Rizal had time to polish the poetry a little and thru another channel safely sent the revised poem so the morning after his death opies of it were found on the desks of prominent Filipino sympathizers. He had been a prisoner in Fort Santiago, at first incomanicado in one of the dungeons and later in a cell on the ground floor. After his sentence he was removed to the fort chapel with troops on guard in the courtyard in The military chaplains offered services which fr ont of it. My own Of all of My own idolized Native Country, my sorrows the saddest, Philippines, Hear now my my beloved! adieu, ray last farewell! 40 Behold My all for parents, thee my I am leaving, friends long beloved! I go where no slaves are in bondage, No hangman, nor cruel oppressor, Where faith does not justify murder, And God is the Ruler Eternal. Adieu, Oh my parents and brothers, As part of my soul here remaining, Ye friends of the years of my childhood, And of the dear home lost forever! Give thanks unto God, that already I rest from the days toil and trouble. Farewell unto thee, gentle stranger, My friend Farewell, Oh weep and all my joy thou wert ever! ye beings beloved! not, for death *L is but resting! he courteously declined but later Jesuits came, from iiia old school, whom he warmly welcomed. These brought a ittle wooden image of the Sacred Heart which as a schoolboy he had carved with a penknife during playtime and had put up inside the door in the dormitory. Duri ng all the tweTity years it had stayed in the same place for Rizal was not only the favorite of his fellows as a student but had remained the hero of the Ateneo boys up to that time. The recollection of his happy school days brought up memories of when for his exemplary conduct he had been a leader in the Marian Congregation, and of the verses he had written in honor of the Virgin. A retraction was required by the Archbishop before he ould receive the consolations of his religion and several forms were proposed. Practically every victim of political persecution had left a retraction couched in such language that its spontaneousness was always questioned. The one dictated for Rizal was no exception and the Jesuits knew he would never sign it so they substituted a form of their own, giving what was essential for reconciliation with the Church and worded in a way that would not recall the differences Rizal had had with some of its minis- With its ideas the prisoner was satisfied but he very reasonably argued that unless in his style no one ould believe that he had changed the habit of a lifetime in its last moments. To this request the Jesuits say they agreed and the retraction was re- worded by him. Unfortunately the original has been lost and that it was ever made was disputed, at the time it was first pubNo one of his family was permitted to see it. lished. Nevertheless the attending circumstances all argue in Strongest of all is the favor of its having been made. testimony of the Jesuits who were not mixed up in the politics of that time when church and state were so interwoven that it was argued that no one could be a good Catholic who was not a good Spaniard. Two copies, differing only in phraseology, have been published. Of these the one telegraphed to Madrid and published in El Imparcial on December 31st, 1896, seems to be more Rizals style and is free from those for- ters. 4;i mal church terms which he would have been likely to nothing he could not have sfgned in when he was expressing his religious views to Dapitan Father Pastells. But th^n a political recantation as well as a religious reconciliation was desired. avoid. Tliere The is in it retraction reads: I want to live and I declare rayself a Catholic. I retract with all my heart whatdie as a Catholic. ver I have said or written or done against the Church and our Lord Jesus Christ. I give up Masonry which is an enemy of the Church. The head of the diocese may publish this retrac tion, which I make of my own accord, to repair as as may be possible the scandal caused by May all men forgive writings and by my acts. for the injury which I have caused to many. far my me After his con fession Dr. Eizal was married to Josephine Bracken, the adopted daughter of a Hong Kong retired engineer who had come to Dapitan to see if there was any cure for his lost sight. Rizal had fallen in love with he girl, who was ten years younger than himself, and had asked her to stay in Dapitan until they could be married but tho authorized by law there was no provision in the Philippines fqr civil marriage and so there was no chance for the ceremony until this reconciliation with His wife, the daughter of an Irish sergeant the church. in the British army in India and, to judge by her features, an Indian mother, was also of his faith. The belief that Mrs. Rizal was an Eurasian is^ borne out by the fact that she was educated in the Italian convent of Hong Kong which has so many of that mixed Her adopted mother, Mrs. Taufer, from whom blood. she took her middle name of Leopoldine, was Portuguese, and thru her knowledge of that language she found Spanish easy to learn. If she had not known Rizal personally she at least ticing medicine in knew of him while Jje was prac- Hong Kong. It was now morning and after a short interval the march to the place of execution, on the Luneta, was begun, on foot and with a heavy escort of soldiers. 44 In the same place where the three priests had been 1872 and where his very- very-great-grandfather had his rice store, two centuries back, beside a bastion of the same name he had given to Kalamba in the novel or which he was dying, Jose Rizal with a pulse that beat as naturally as ever was shot by Filipino soldiers behind whom stood Spanish soldiers to see the order was unhesitatingly obeyed. The request that he might not be shot from the back because he was neither traitor to Spain nor to his own country was refused. A powerful effort of the will in falling led the victim to turn himself so as to fall with his face to the sky. So the Spanish soldiers saw hira as they filed past his dead body and the cheers for Spain and the triumphal music of the band as it played the March of Cadiz did not prevent a feeling of admiration for the brave man. Spains was a brief triumph, for tho the first killed in anniversary of his death was celebrated by desecrating his grave, the second found it decorated, and each sue ceeding year has seen an increased importance given* to the day which has become the great holiday of the Philippines. The martyrs body was put in an unmarked grave in Paco cemetery but a way was found to have a small marble stone, bearing his initials in reversed order, dropped in with the un coffined remains Within less than two years, on the first day of American occupation, the body was raised for a more decent interment and tbe marble slab rests under a cross bearing nly the date Dec. 30, 1896. The ashes have since been put in an urn of Philippine woods carved by the skillful hands of Dr. Rizals instructor in carving, and will be finally deposited in what will be by far the finest of Manilas monuments, the P100,000 memorial which is to mark the place where he gave his life for his country. His widow joined the insur gents at Cavite, and later returned to Manila and then to Hong Kong where in 1898 she was married to a Filipine ^tudent from Cebu. She taught in the public schools of Manila in 1901, and in the following year died in Hong Kong and is buried there in Rizals Execution. (Courtesy of Mr. 46 Dantas) the Catholic part of Happy Valley cemetery beside the monuirjent of her adopted father, George Taufer, the blind man, who was an American. him but a year, but his and not long ago refused a proffered pension from the Assembly with the statement that she did not believe in paid patriotism and was content that her son had done his duty. Of the numerous Rizal relatives there seem to be none in politics but all are industrious and seeking to bring Dr. Rizals fatlier survived mother still lives about the independence of their country in the way their istinguished kinsman recommended, working to increase its wealth and availing themselves of every opportunity for education. A new province bears Doctor Rizals name, his picture appears upon the most generally used values of postage stamps and paper money, every town in the Philippines has its Rizal Street or Rizal Square, Manila has a flourshing Rizal University, a Rizal Ateneo and a Rizal Busine ss College, and his birthday is getting to be observed as well as the day of his death, but Filipinos are forget- I ;* B -i I f t f Former Grave of Dr. 47 Risl i

Different forms of paternalism Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Different forms of paternalism - Coursework Example Paternalism is not a mere construct that was used to subdue the Black race so as the Whites would take advantage of them since they were views as the weaker race. A move by the Blacks to fight for their rights does not justify that Blacks are unruly and must be controlled and supervised by the Whites. (Hopper, 1988). Â  The view on paternalism materializes in Colors in both a positive and a negative way. In the film Colors, the concept of paternalism is well presented by Dennis Hopper. In the film, gang culture is evident. Hopper (1998) presents the Black and Latino youth gangs fighting each other and with the police. The attempts to control the gang problems present a clear evidence of racist and paternalistic assumptions by the Whites. In this context one would argue that paternalism is required so as to control the gang issues. For instance, in the scene where a family is offloading beach stuff, and are suddenly attacked by a gang of people that are shirtless, in bandannas, sungl asses and in the hairnets (Hopper, 1988). Even after the man attempts to protect himself, the gang stabs him. The scene on the White Fence neighborhood explains on the needs for paternalism to control the Blacks and their gang issues as we see a kid spray painted on the face and confrontations begin (Hopper, 1988). It is essential to note, nonetheless, that not all the outbreaks of violence in the film are Black and gang related. In line with this thought, therefore, paternalism is disqualified.

American Judicial Structure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

American Judicial Structure - Essay Example Finally, the federal courts are also limited by hierarchal considerations. There are trial courts, designated Federal District Courts, intermediate courts of appeal, and the United States Supreme Court. As one moves up the hierarchy, the federal courts have increasing discretion to hear or to reject cases and controversies. To be sure, the United States Supreme Court actually accepts very few of the cases submitted to it for resolution. The findings and holdings of the courts lower in the hierarchy thus become final and binding. In sum, although the federal courts are empowered to hear and to decide many types of cases there are very real limitations. These limitations, or gaps, are in large part filled by the separate state court systems. 1.2 State Courts State courts are vested with the responsibility of deciding conflicts and controversies under a state's constitution and other laws. There are similarities with the federal system to the extant that state courts are also limited by geographical, subject matter, and hierarchal considerations. The trial courts tend to be divided into courts of limited jurisdiction and general jurisdiction. Local governments tend to create and administer the trial courts of limited jurisdiction whereas states control and administer the trial courts of general jurisdiction. The limited jurisdiction courts are extraordinarily numerous, more than 13,500 in the United States (Neubauer, 2005: 82), and are excluded from the scope of this essay. From the strict point of view of the state, courts are divided into trial courts, appellate courts, and a supreme court. The laws may differ significantly from federal laws to the extant that states may set higher safeguards than those established in the Constitution.. . State courts are vested with the responsibility of deciding conflicts and controversies under a state’s constitution and other laws. There are similarities with the federal system to the extent that state courts are also limited by geographical, subject matter, and hierarchal considerations. The trial courts tend to be divided into courts of limited jurisdiction and general jurisdiction. Local governments tend to create and administer the trial courts of limited jurisdiction whereas states control and administer the trial courts of general jurisdiction. The limited jurisdiction courts are extraordinarily numerous, more than 13,500 in the US, and are excluded from the scope of this essay. From the strict point of view of the state, courts are divided into trial courts, appellate courts, and a supreme court. The laws may differ significantly from federal laws to the extent that states may set higher safeguards than those established in the Constitution or in federal laws. In add ition, federal legislators are empowered to pass federal laws which, in effect, preempt contradictory state laws. This preemption, though sometimes controversial, functions to preserve harmony in the administration of the separate judicial systems. There is, nonetheless, the existence of conflict and it becomes extremely important to draw bright lines separating the two judicial systems. Otherwise, the potential for conflict and court shopping would become a big problem. For the most part, the judicial systems have been kept separate.

Personal Development Plan And Evaluation Of Skills

Personal Development Plan And Evaluation Of Skills In this assignment Im going to discuss my personal development plan n how I will develop my personal skills which will help me in my current situation and also for my feature roles and my responsibilities and I am also going to check what will I be the needs to develop my self and how will I learn to improve my self and I am also going to identify my target dates for review and I will explain how these needs will be met. Lets have a brief introduction about personal development plan and also its importance. DEFINATION OF (PDP) Personal development planning is a structure which is made by an individual to improve his learning style and performance and made a planning how to develop there educational and personal carrier and how to achieve n the goals and objective in feature. IMPORTANCE OF (PDP) It helps to increase the ability of person to understand and learn and to set there goals and objectives and gives the proper way to make a progress by leaps and bounds. We discuss the importance of personal development planning. Now I am going to extend my personal development plan. Here I gave some introduction and important of personal development plan now I m going to extend my personal development plan and I also review my self which skills I have required in my current and feature roles and responsibilities. CURRENT SKILLS Fallowing are some of my current personal and professional skills. Time management Time management is very important skill for any human being who wants to be a successful in his life and want to get something in feature because now a days we are living in globalized world so you have to be able to manage your time in any circumstances to meet with the demands of this modern world so this is one of my very important skill and Im very sufficient to manage my time but I still think that I have to learn more to improve my time management skill. LEADERSHIP SKILL Leadership skill is ability to motivate and inspire the group of people or a member of your organization towards the goals and objectives which you are looking to achieve. This skill helps the leader to give inspiration to his followers and get a more results to achieve the aims and objectives of an organization. Leaders can see the problems in any organization which needs to be fixed and he can set the goals that needs to be achieved it may be something that no any other person can see or on the other hand no else want to tackle whatever it is, it is the focus of leader attention and they come up with is single minded determination so this is the most important thing in leadership skill. This is one of the very important skill which I have and play a vital role in my life to make progress by leaps and bounds but whatever skill I have but as a human being I always try to learn and improve my personal development. COMMUNICATION SKILL Communication means to communicate with other people and that is a very important thing for any person who wants to be a successful because now a days we all are living in globalized world and we have to meet with the people from different part of world with a different languages so in this case you have to be able to communicate with others this is also one of my very important skill which helps me to make progress but I still want to improve my this skill for my current and as well as my feature roles and responsibilities.so because of its importance I want to improve myself in this skill to achieve my aim and objectives of life. DECISION MAKING SKILL Decision making skill is a vital skill for any human being. A person who is able to make a quick decision in any type of situation will get success. Decision making skill is very important in your professional life as compare to personal life because in professional life some time you have to make very hard decision for the betterment of your organization and only this skill will helps you to make a decision. This skill helps me allot in my professional and personal life and I always try to improve my decision making power. SELF MANAGEMENT SKILL Self-management means to manage our self-reactions and emotions against the challenges in any circumstances and also understand the challenges and responsibilities in personal and also in professional life .self-management play an important role to be successful in any field of life and provide you a sufficient chance to get full control on your emotions. This is also an important skill of my life and I really want to improve my skill because I need this skill for my feature roles and responsibilities. SKILLS REQUIRED FOR FUTURE Following are some skills which I need in my future roles and responsibilities. LEADING AND CHEARING MEATINGS Leading and cheering meetings is also an important skill for any leader or any person who is leading any organization or a group of certain People. Leading and cheering meeting means to lead and arrange meetings after certain time to check how the organization is working and where the organization is week and where organization needs any kind of improvement in simple words to make check and balance of organization this is a very important skill but I fell myself that I do not have this skill In my professional life so I need to learn this skill for my personal development. DELIVERING EFFECTIVE PRESENTATIONS As we all knows that it is very important to deliver effective presentation it means the way you convey your message to your followers or your subordinates in a proper way which will be easily understandable for them and this thing give a boost for the development of any organization this skill also help you in your personal life so I fell myself that I am not good in delivering effective presentation so I really have to learn this skill for my future roles and responsibilities. PLANNING Planning means to make a proper way towards your goals and objectives.it also means to plan that when , where and how you are going to achieve your goals and objectives. Planning is not only the skill which only helps you in your professional life it is also a skill which helps you even more in your personal life. By making a proper planinig in your life you will always be successful in your personal and professional life. This is also an important skill which I need in my future roles and responsibilities. SELF MANAGEMENT A person who is able to manage a personal reaction to challenges and also the responsibilities in personal and professional life is called self-management. In self-management you should be able manage a time and also change your self-according to the current situation and circumstances. Following are some factors of self-management. PLANNING You should make a feature planning towards your goals and objective and how you will achieve. SELF AWARENESS You must have exact awareness about your current situation and circumstances TIME MANAGEMENT You should be able to complete your work with in the time that is very important in self-management. MONITORING You must have ability to monitor all the things which are happening around you wither it is your personal life are professional. These are some of the skills which I need in my future roles and responsibilities and while discussing my current skills and skills which I need in my future roles and responsibilities and know I am going discuss my learning and development needs. IDENTIFYING LEARNING AND DEVELOPMENT NEEDS Know I am going to discuss my learning and development needs. LEARNING Learning is a very important process for achieving the business aims and objectives and it also play a vital role in personal development and it is also very essential to improving the organizational performance. LEARNING NEEDS FROM MY POINT OF VIEW From my point of view learning needs is to make people able to add the stock of personal competences and also gave them a boost to develop their potential. Learning needs means a gape in between the current and required performance of the person. Learning is also very important from business point of view because in business you always have to learn a lot of things so it is also very essential in business to learn. Learning is important more than the training because in training you just train yourself for a appropriate work but when you start learn something you learn a lot of things around yourself and it helps you to improve your personal development and you will make success day by day Learning is what happens after the person received the training and is much more self-directed Learning cans only effects when the person has ability to apply the knowledge and skill on his work place which he learns. Here I discuss what is learning and I also identify what is learning needs and what its importance now I am going to discuss my learning and development needs for my personal development plan MY LEARNING AND DEVELOPMENT NEEDS As I gave you introduction about learning and I also tell you the importance of this and know I am going to reflect my personal and professional learning and development needs which will helps me to extend my personal development plan. By doing this I will make progress in my personal and professional life by leaps and bounds. As I discuss all my current skills and also I discuss all those skills which I need in my feature so to meet these skills I need to learn a lot because I am not too much strong in my these skills so I need to improve myself so I can improve my learning by using my preferred learning style. My preferred learning style is reflectors because: Reflectors can learn best when they have time to think about these activities and also have time to think before doing anything. They take some time to check and revive what they have to learn. Learn least from being forced to give instant reactions without planning time or are force into the limelight. Now I am going to discuss how I increase my current skills and those skills which are required in my future roles and responsibilities and I am also going to identify the target dates for review by using my preferred learning style I will explain this by showing you the tables. TARGET DATES FOR PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN TIME MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVES SUCCESS CRITERIA ACTION TIME DURATION I want to be a better in management. To manage my time in any situation I will study books management related I will complete it buy doing 6 moths study In time management my objectives are to be able to manage my time and I will fell myself successful when I manage my time in any situation and any circumstances to achieve this I will study books because thats the best way I think to improve my time management skill and it will take about six months to achieve my this aim. COMMUNICATION SKILLS OBJECTIVES SUCCESS CRITERIA ACTION TIME DURATION To communicate with any level of people with confident When people start well understanding when I communicate with them Try to communicate with the people of my upper level and also increasing the communication There is no time duration in this skill improvement because I will learn more as much I communicate with people In order to improve this skill my objective is to easily and confidently communicate with any level of people and my success criteria will be when I built up my confidence and people start understanding me easily to achieve this objective I will try to increase the communication and also I will try to communicate with the people of my upper level there is no time duration in this skill because it depends the way I learn. SELF MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVES SUCCESS CRITERIA ACTION TIME DURATION To manage personal reaction in any circumstances When fell myself relax in any type of situation Try to involving myself in different and difficult situations and by working with my seniors If I keep working it will take 1 year to improve my skill. In this skill my objective is to manage my personal reaction in any circumstances my success criteria will be the situation when I fell myself relax and I can handle any type of situation without any problem I will improve it by involving myself in different type of difficult situations and also try to work with my seniors according to my observation it will take 1 year time to improve my this skill. PLANNING OBJECTIVES To make proper planning towards my goals and objectives SUCCESS CRITERIA When I get success by my planning ACTION By getting a knowledge how to do proper planning TIME DURATION It can be done within 3 months My objective is to increase this skill to make a proper planning towards the goals and objectives my success criteria will when I get success by my planning I will improve this skill by getting knowledge to that how I will do proper planning and it will take three months to improve my self iin this skill DECISION MAKING SKILL OBJECTIVES SUCCESS CRITERIA ACTION TIME DURATION LEADING AND CHEARING MEATINGS OBJECTIVES SUCCESS CRITERIA ACTION TIME DURATION DELIVERING EFFECTIVE PRESENTATIONS OBJECTIVES SUCCESS CRITERIA ACTION TIME DURATION

Milton’s Paradise Lost: The Story of Satan’s Power Politics

In Paradise Lost, Book I & II   the power struggle between Satan, his followers on the one hand   and God and his angels on the other provides a good story with dramatic conflict. In Book I Satan â€Å"who durst defy the Omnipotent to arms† emerges as leader of a rebel group who are overwhelmed by their first defeat but not totally overcome. As a punishment of his ambition and audacity, Satan and his comrades were â€Å"hurled headlong from the ethereal sky †¦to bottomless perdition.† (Bk.I.l.45)Like a statesman with strategic insight he converts this defeat as a springboard for the   next battle and accordingly inspires his followers with a thunderous call: â€Å"What though the field be lost?/All is not lost: the unconquerable will,/ And study of revenge, immortal hate,†(ll.105-07) He instills a confidence in his comrades that victory and defeat are in the hands of the fighters. So his clarion call to his army is addressed to boost their morale and s hake off their depression: â€Å"Awake, arise, or be for ever fallen!†. (l.330)There is also the hint that the first battle was lost due to lack of experience and a inadequate strategy. Moreover, the strength of the enemy (the Almighty) was also not known. Now with hindsight they can formulate a better strategy for an embarking on a war that can end only in triumph. Besides, he has a worthy lieutenant in Beelzebub who has great admiration for the general and mobilize the army. The story of struggle between the ambitious and scheming Satan and the Almighty has all the ingredients of a good plot– a bold and strong anti-hero as the protagonist, the vivid descriptive and narrative power, the sublime epic style, the dramatic dialogues and the technique of beginning the story in the middle of action.Nine days after their expulsion from the bliss of Heaven, Satan and his followers lie stupefied in the burning lake of Hell. Then he rises and awakens his worthy Second-in-Comman d to lead his army to the scorching dry land and hold a meeting to devise the winning strategy. Presently,   a vast council chamber is built to hold a conference of the great Angels. Readers’ attention is arrested by the suspense about the nature of   crime for which such harsh punishment has been meted out to them. Members of Satan’s inner circle – Moloch, Belial and Mammon — offer their opinions, but it is Beelzebub’s suggestion about secretly ruining God’s new creation that is accepted as a fitting revenge against the Almighty.As none offers to undertake this perilous task, Satan volunteers   to take the voyage to the earth after passing through the Hell gate and Chaos. Milton has used flash back technique to present earlier events with the help of dreams, reminiscences and conversations (in Books V-VIII) It seems in Satan Milton has subconsciously created a character for whom he feels sympathy and admiration. But C.S. Lewis refutes this view in A Preface to Paradise Lost: â€Å"It may mean that Milton’s presentation of him is a magnificent poetical achievement which engages the attention and excites the admiration of the reader.† (Lewis.94)  The setting of Hell is an integral part of Milton’s epic style. It is   appropriate as place for punishment of the expelled angels. But Satan with his ingenuity turns it into an advantage by erecting a vast palace called Pandemonium. There he hatches the conspiracy to destroy God’s creation. Hell also highlights the change of scenario for the angels who have fallen from grace. Milton gives us a vivid account of the flaming hell without light and the miserable plight of the fallen angels writhing in pain.The vanquished followers of Satan â€Å"who lay entranced/ thick as autumnal leaves that strow the brooks.†(ll.301-02). Milton further portrays them â€Å"with looks/ downcast and damp †¦ have found their chief/ not in despair, to have found themselves not lost/ in loss itself;† (ll.522-26) To the   dejected followers comes the uplifting call â€Å"Cherub and Seraph rolling in the flood/ with scattered arms and ensign,† The congregation of the fallen angels at Pademonium is described with due pomp:   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Of trumpets loud and clarions be upreared/ his mighty standard (ll.532-33)The fighting spirit of the downcast and damp followers are raised with the help of   sonorous metal blowing martial sounds and ten thousand colorful banners fluttering in the wind and serried shields in thick array convey the impression of the preparation of a counter attack. â€Å"The imperial ensign†¦with gems and golden luster rich emblazed,/ Seraphic arms and trophies:(ll.538-39). We get a grand impression of Satan â€Å"in shape and gesture proudly eminent/ stood like a tower† (ll.590-91)   â€Å"his face/ deep scars of thunder had intrenched †¦ under brows of dauntless courage, and con siderable pride† (ll.600-603) The wealth of details truly conforms to the epic tradition and adds to its grandeur.Millions of rebellious spirits thus stand suffering silently with loyalty and devotion to their commander even after being flung from their eternal splendor, â€Å"driven out of bliss, condemned/ in his abhorred deep to utter woe;/ where pain of unextinguishable fire† (Bk.II.ll.86-88). Satan’s makes a dramatic escape from Hell with a view to covertly strike God by sabotaging his beautiful creation. However, according to F.R. Leavis, â€Å"After the first two books, magnificent in their simple force (party politics in the Grand Style Milton can compass), Paradise Lost, though there are intervals of relief, becomes dull and empty: ‘all,’ as Raleigh says, ‘is power, vagueness, and grandeur.’ Milton’s inadequacy to myth, in fact, is so inescapable†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Leavis 61)If the setting of Paradise Lost is changed, we have a new story. In modern era a person of   Satan’s caliber would be hailed as an irrepressible leader of the opposition party in a country with democratic set up. His goal would be to dislodge the ruling party in power in the election. He would aim to convince people by highlighting the government’s failures and underestimating its achievement. Naturally, there would neither be God nor Satan, neither Heaven nor Hell, neither angels nor devils in the new scenario. The ambition to rule would not be regarded a punishable offence.Examples and parallels abound. Many countries in Asia now have militant groups of separatists who declare themselves as â€Å"Liberation Force† that wage armed battles against their own government for freedom and autonomy (naming them would be unwise). Satan’s role has affinity with a militant trade union leader who sometimes, like Lech Walesa in Poland, can win election and   become the President. In stead of brute force the oppo sition leader uses his political strategies and communication skill to convince majority of the voters that the ruling party is at fault and their country will be safer in the hands of his political party.  In U.K. the Labor party won the election overthrowing their rival Tories in 1994 under the leadership of Tony Blair. It is the business of the opposition to pick holes in the performance of the ruling party. He would criticize their policies, attack their inefficiency, expose their corruption and project them as responsible for country’s backwardness. He would offer better plans and strategies to get the country out of the mess. He does not have to fight physically to defeat his rival like Satan, but the methods of   attack have much resemblance.As Satan says: â€Å"our better part remains/ to work in close design, by fraud or guile,† (Bk.I.ll.645-46) and his continual emphasis on victory: â€Å"For who can think submission? War then, war/ open or understood mu st be resolved.† (ll.661-62) The opposition leader often resorts to disparaging remarks and undermining the image of his rival as Satan debunks God, â€Å"Who now triumphs, and in excess of joy/ sole reigning holds the tyranny of heaven.† (ll.123-24) The political rival is presented as oppressor.The main difference is that in Milton’s world there no neutral voters who decide the fate of the leaders. It is God and his angels are in power, and Satan and his ambitious followers endeavor to dethrone Him. Like real life politics there are fence-sitters and defectors in Paradise Lost. The rebel leaders’ meeting in Book II to discuss and debate their strategies has a parallel in modern politics. It may be argued that Milton’s religious epic still have relevance in a secular world. Satan’s story is everyman’s search for power and his struggle to gain it.The underlying theme of Satan’s struggle against God and his angels is that of   s earch for power and motivate a demoralized group of fallen angels and a determination   to sacrifice everything to conquer Heaven and rule it. As Satan proclaims: â€Å"to be weak is miserable,/ Doing or suffering:† (ll.157-58) â€Å"To wage by force or guile eternal war,/ Irreconcileable to our grand foe,† (ll.121-22)  The main characters, the epic style, the inspiring speech, and the preparation for a â€Å"perpetual war† all help to develop the theme of pursuit of power and the use all means to get it. Satan shows the right mindset of a winner who would not accept anything short of   victory as he speaks candidly about it: â€Å"To reign is worth ambition, though in Hell:/Better to reign in Hell than serve in Heaven.†(Bk.I.ll.262-63) Satan represents the freedom-loving individualist who also demonstrates great pragmatic sense by adapting himself to the harsh realities of   Hell and consoles himself with his psychological insight: â€Å"The min d is its own place, and in itself/ Can make a Heaven of Hell, a Hell of Heaven.† (Bk.I.ll.254-255)Work CitedLewis, C.S. A Preface to Paradise Lost. London. O.U.P. 1984Leavis, F.R. Revaluation. Harmondsworth. Penguin.1972Abrams, M.H. & Greenblatt, Stephen. The Norton Anthology of English Literature.(7th ed) New York. W.W.Norton & Co. 2001. pp.722-764April 28, 2008

Paper and Dumas Book Essay

What does Dumas’ decision to take an American name suggest about her feelings toward her adopted country? How does her dual identity enable her to see how Americans â€Å"really† feel about Iran? Dumas’ husband, Franà §ois, experiences life as an American immigrant much differently than does Dumas. What do you think accounts for Americans’ biases in their attitudes toward immigrants from different countries? To what extent are these biases grounded in stereotypes about the immigrants’ native countries? Evaluation: You will be graded on: Organization- Does the paper have an introduction, body, and conclusion? Does the paper have a central argument (thesis) that appears in the introduction and conclusion? Grammar, punctuation, and style- For example, does the writer use the past tense consistently? See â€Å"additional considerations† below. Use of the text- Does the paper successfully incorporate specific examples from the book? Do the examples support the paper’s thesis? Since this is still a relatively short paper, avoid long block quotes. Be succinct. In addition, avoid long summaries of the book. Your paper should be built around examples that support your thesis. You must, however, cite the books to support your claims. In each instance that you draw specific information from the book, you should insert the page number from which the idea or quote originated at the end of the sentence. Plagiarism: See description on syllabus Format: All papers should be double spaced and written in Times New Roman 12 Late Papers: Papers are due in class on the given due date. Computer related problems are not an excuse. Be prepared for a hard drive/ printer disaster. Back up your work often. Papers turned in after class on the due date (unexcused) will be docked 5 points (out of 100). Papers will be docked 3 points for every day they are late with the weekend counting as 1 day. Additional considerations: 1. Use the past tense consistently when discussing historical events. 2. Do not use first or second person in your paper. In other words, don’t use the pronouns: I, me, my, you, your, our, ours, us, etc. So, instead of: â€Å"I think Dumas considered herself to be†¦.† Just write, â€Å"Dumas considered herself to be†¦.† 3. Proof-read carefully. Even if your paper has no misspellings, that does not satisfy your need to proofread. Spell checker will occasionally correct your spelling, but insert a different word than you intended. 4. Do not use contractions. (didn’t should be did not, etc). 5. Your paper should adopt a more formal, authoritative tone. Do not use slang, clichà ©s, or profanity. 6. Use active, not passive voice. 7. Staple the paper 8. Do not use outside sources except lectures from this course (internet, other books etc.).

Women s Secondary Status The Status Of Women - 2319 Words

Committee: Commission on the Status of Women Topic: Women in Power and Decision Making Country: United States Background Women s secondary status is pervasive and durable. In such a trans-historical, cross-cultural universal social structure, women are still in unequal status with men in politics, economy, culture, knowledge, ideas, ethics and other fields. Even in their own family, women are still unequal from men. Male chauvinism thought that this patriarchal gender order is not only universal, but it is not going to change, because it is naturally formed. However, the feminist argues that the gender order is neither widespread nor permanent, because it is not natural, but constructed by society and culture with human factors. Feminism thus made a lot of important implications in Western society, including women s right for voting, more equal wage initiative in divorce, the emergence of safe abortion, right for sterility and rights of access to university education. But there is still a gap to fill and development should be made. For example, the executive branches of worldwide government exclude wom en largely. Only 18 percent of the appointed ministers are women, and assigned them to the basic department in the government. And few women are appointed as senior-level civil servants, or to represent their Governments at the international level. Female sexual abuse is also a serious problem in all regions. In Nigeria, treatment centers reported that 15% women who needsShow MoreRelatedThe Role Of Socialization And Its Effects On Society1376 Words   |  6 Pagesbehaviour and punished for social deviance. We refer to them as primary as because they are the first social agents we come across in life. Secondary socialisation usually takes over from the average age of five. These are from more formal institutions that usually have different systems in place to discourage and reward certain behaviours. 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Due to the interconnection of gender with other forms of exclusion in the society, the role and status of women cannot be considered homogenous. There is a great deal of diversity in the status of women across regions, classes, the rural/urban divide caused by the lack of socio-economic development and the impact of feudal, tribal, and capitalistRead MorePost Secondary Education : An Example Of Dedication, Work Ethic, And Self Motivation For A Better Life Essay1280 Words   |  6 PagesRiches â€Å"Families from low-Socioeconomic status communities are less likely to have the financial resources or time availability to provide children with academic support† (National Center for Education Statistics, 2008).This quote difinitively provides the necessary information regarding attending post-secondary education. Even though this quote also seems very logical, it proves to be a breaking point for Americans in their decision to attend a post-secondary education college or technical schoolRead MoreRole Of Women During The Paleolithic Period774 Words   |  4 PagesHistory Change in the Role of Neolithic Women The economic, social, and religious roles of women changed between the Paleolithic and Neolithic time periods. During the Paleolithic Age, women and men had equal position in society. They both helped in the raising of children and the act of obtaining food for their families. The role of women would soon change for the worse in the Neolithic time period. They were left with little social, economic, and religious status, and the large burden of raising childrenRead MoreStatus Of The Women Education1677 Words   |  7 Pages1 | P a g e Research Proposal on Status of the women Education among Ao (Naga) Society in Dimapur District. Submitted by: Bendangyangerla Imchen M2016WCP003 School of Women Centred Practices Submitted to: Prof. Devi Prasad 2 | P a g e Contents: 1. Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 1.1 Operational Definition†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 1.2 Women in Ao Society†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 2. Problem Identification†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3. Rationale of the Study†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4. LiteratureRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Othello As A Patriarchal Society1131 Words   |  5 PagesWomen in the sixteenth century were commonly dominated by a patriarchal society. Meaning their loyalty and respect lay amongst the men in their lives with little choice for opposition. In Othello by William Shakespeare, he portrays the role of women in a way typical to their representation in Elizabethan and Venetian society. While the women may be presented as mentally stronger than their male counterparts, the language given to these female characters suggest that they have internalized societyRead MoreWomen’s Representation in The Great Gatsby Essay1616 Words   |  7 PagesWomen were not equal to men during the era of the 1920’s. In â€Å"The Great Gatsby,† Fitzgerald represents a negative, misogynistic, stereotypical view of the various types of women during the era of the 1920’s. During the that time, women were not portrayed in a positive light., By writing a book centered around that time period, it causes one to wonder the message Fitzgerald was trying to illustrate about women and what he was saying about society as a whole. Fitzgerald represents the view of womenRead MoreHeterosexual Natural And Homosexual Aberrant Axiom1117 Words   |  5 Pageswhite and black males as essential and Vietnamese women as secondary. The poem’s black narrator ignores this new binary opposition, or stabilization of relationships, possibly because he assumes its origin is natural. It elevates him to the essential position in the binary, while it relegates the Vietnamese women to the secondary. Their secondary position in the binary, combined with economic deprivation, demeans and forces the Vietnamese women to prostitute themselves. Oblivious to the creationRead MoreThe Inequality Between Women And Women843 Words   |  4 PagesEven if we were to look outside of the workforce spectrum, women are treated unequally on the basis of property. Even though women have equal right to own and receive land, it is not a practiced in the culture of India. When looking at the society as a whole only men are ever seen and given the rights of land so they can carry on their family name. Majority of the inequality does not have to do with laws or policies but what has been engraved into the society. Till now many of the people in India