The Signalling theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Signaling hypothesis - Essay Example Essentially, human associations depend on signals more often than not. The signs empower individuals to recognize some shrouded characteristics of the other individual. The hypothesis centers around giving understanding of the differed flags just as taking note of, which are reliable. For instance, in deciding, bosses and directors depend on the data they get from the signs they get. For example, in settling on choices about capital structures and payout approaches, a supervisor would depend on the current course of action and attempt to assess its adequacy before choosing the subsequent stage (Chang and Hong 2000). Signs as per the hypothesis can be classified into appraisal and regular signs. The appraisal signals indicate the signs that are solid; that is, they are signals that will in general confine people who don't represent the quality required by the sign from utilizing it. For instance, if a supervisor sees the association to be exaggerated, the individual in question ought not flag the partners that the association holds a superior open door later on to build benefits by expanding their payouts. This is on the grounds that actualizing the sign will prompt shame of the supervisor just as make doubt. The customary signals then again signify inconsistent markers. Much of the time, the signs are outer and can bring about substantial results. For instance, if a chief settles on a choice dependent on the purchaser conduct; for example, seeing that the buyers are making high acquisition of an item, the administrator chooses to deliver these in high amounts seeing that the benefits for the association will increment. This can be a bogus sign, particularly when the shopper is given another option for a similar item. The administrator will lose face before the financial specialists and can even be excused from office. Along these lines, it is basic to initially distinguish the angles influencing the capital structure and payout arrangements of the association b efore flagging the separate gatherings or settling on any significant choices (Notes on Signaling 2005). Cost has all the earmarks of being main consideration in the flagging hypothesis. This is on the grounds that before settling on any choices, administrators need to think about the cost. On occasion, a few signs might be misdirecting and may later influence the choices made antagonistically in a negative manner. For instance, the objective profit of the business may appear to be encouraging in the following quarter of the business in this manner causing the supervisor to settle on a significant salary out rate. This sign could be honest or deluding and will inevitably affect on the choice made for pay outs. Then again, tricky signs can be utilized to profit the maker of the sign. For example, an administrator can flag partners and potential financial specialists that the association is wealthy to making more benefits by expanding the payout proportion for their profits. This woul d cause them to put more in the association and along these lines, empower the chief to extend the business and increment benefits (Pacheco and Raposo 2007). Chiefs face the essential duty of settling on the sum to obligation to be utilized on the capital structure just as decide the profit rates to be paid out (Barclay et al. 1992). Various speculations have been built up to recognize the angles that are important in distinguishing capital structures and payout approaches. Among these is the flagging hypothesis. Beside cost, charges have likewise been noted to be an imperative perspective that influences the capital struc

Maria Helena Lima’s “Imaginary Homelands in Jamaica “ Essay

Diagram: Area 1: Writing to safeguard her lifeâ€It appears as if author Jamaica Kincaid has composed various books with an end goal to comprehend her past and her development and improvement all through it. Practically the entirety of the books Kincaid has composed appear to be interconnected in that they all shed light on specific battles of her past (sections 1-4). Area 2: Function of bildungsromanâ€The bildungsroman structure, in which a novel spotlights on a â€Å"person’s advancement or otherworldly education,† is utilized explicitly by Kincaid and other Caribbean journalists to unwind the challenges and controversies of growing up over the edges of various conventions and social universes. The cultural assimilation of a self can be depicted through the structure, anyway in Kincaid’s books explicitly, the bildungsroman isn't such a great amount of utilized as to show the development in Lucy and Annie John’s juvenile life, but instead to show their responses separately to all the more common issues, for example, prejudice and expansionism (passages 5-7) (freedictionary.com). Segment 3: Far from homeâ€Exile for characters like Lucy and Annie John doesn't effectively test existence without their folks, but instead makes them fully aware of the heightening scene. It is in this enormous awful world that the characters are compelled to locate their new personality and convictions. Not exclusively are these characters left with a feeling of bizarreness to the new world, yet they likewise signal battles with the spot in which they originated from. The more they invest energy in the new unusual world, the further they end up from their first home. These pilgrim characters face the test of recognizing themselves and their social roots (sections 8-11). Segment 4: Effects of perusing literatureâ€Literature is professed to assume a significant job in a person’s advancement. A person’s feelings and responses stem to a great extent from the writing he/she peruses. Lucy had hatred toward daffodils in light of the fact that as a little youngster, she was required to retain a long sonnet about the bloom without having at any point seen one, in actuality. Lucy peruses a few books, which affect her needing to change her name. Perusing of writing at last influences the manner by which individuals respond and think (sections 12-13). Area 5: Writing as a methods for salvageâ€In a push to fix Lucy’s want for home, she turns into an essayist. She composes negative letters to her mom so as to alleviate or manage her sentiments. As much as Lucy needs to accept that she isn't the young lady her folks anticipated that her should be, it is the composed letters that she sends and gets that at last lead her to understand her actual sentiments (passages 14-15). Segment 6: Finding character in a socially unique worldâ€As Lucy and Annie John, portrayals for Kincaid herselfâ€lose parts of their past and are presented to an oddly new present, they utilize their insight with an end goal to grasp the idea of the world and their part in it (passages 16-17). Outline: Teacher Maria Lima’s â€Å"Homelands in Jamaica Kincaid’s Narratives of Development,† claims that journalists in diaspora set up the bildungsroman structure in their compositions to investigate the character’s requirement for individual and national personality. In particular, Jamaica Kincaid utilizes for the most part every last bit of her books to expound on her battles and advancements in an unusual world. Bildungsroman is utilized in these books by demonstrating characters’ responses to all the more common issues, for example, bigotry, expansionism, and sexism. Outcast is utilized in these books, not to test existence without the characters’ guardians, but instead to open the characters’ eyes to the inconceivably entangled world that lies ahead. These characters are compelled to discover a spot for themselves in the unusual world just as framing their own convictions about cultural issues. Be that as it may, the more extended the time these characters spend away from home, the further they get themselves, inwardly, from home and are left with a bizarre sentiment of depression on the planet. They are then tested with distinguishing themselves and their social inceptions. Lima guarantees that Kincaid utilizes the perusing of writing and composing as methods for salvation. At the point when placed into the intense situation of being genuinely disengaged from the world, characters, explicitly like Lucy, in Lucy: A Novel, read and utilize their recollections from books to recognize themselves. Likewise, composing causes the characters to adapt to their irritated and entangled sentiments. Those got between socially various universes use what they know with an end goal to grasp the idea of the world and their part in it. Conversation Questions: 1. How are the battles Lucy faces comparable and additionally not quite the same as those of Melinda and Charlie in finding their individual characters? 2. What job does age play in the entirety of the books we have perused hitherto? How has Lucy’s more established age helped/obstructed her in discovering her character? 3. What job have understanding writing and composing letters played in the books we have perused up until this point, explicitly in The Perks of Being a Wallflower and Lucy: A Novel? Works Cited Lima, Maria Helena. â€Å"Imaginary Homelands in Jamaica Kincaid’s Narratives of Development† Callaloo 25.3 (Summer 2002): 857-867.

Discuss the importance and role of Corporate Social Responsibility in Essay - 1

Talk about the significance and job of Corporate Social Responsibility in occasion the executives in the 21st Century - Essay Example The unpredictability of participate social duty has pulled in numerous researchers from all fields trying to depict its numerous viewpoints. This article will talk about a portion of the effect that collaborate social duty has affected in the financial and the board techniques. It will likewise beware of the different jobs and significance in occasion the executives. It makes mindfulness on the different models of reacting to different issues (Hopkins, 2006: 10). Various establishments have utilized this system with the rise of globalization, which has raised the requirements of the business to differentiate with the assorted societies, and the land settings that it serves (Horrigan, 2010: 352). Use of the technique has made rivalry among occasion arranging organizations serving the customer’s needs viably and improving the manageability of the endeavor (Jones, 2010:25). Organizations that apply this methodology have had the option to enhance their administrations. This relies upon various variables like the topographical settings subsequently expanding the country’s request to serve the developing social requests. ... The ethics, principles, and observing the general plans of the individuals to guarantee no disastrous defects experienced as eventual outcomes (Mullerat, 2010: 144). The general public perceives the endeavors requirement for to amplify on their benefits, yet at the same time on the equivalent, it requests the undertaking to intercede on different issues that influence the general public. This helps upgrade the impression of the general public to expand their capacities of picking up benefits from people in general and globalizing their occasion sorting out exercises (Hopkins, 2006: 15). What's more, by communicating with the different social orders the undertaking gets the opportunity to interface with various societies, which improve its capacity to fulfill the expanding requests in the universal market. With globalization, no endeavor ought to for-go collaborate social duty with the point of tending to the critical issues in the universal market. Occasion directors need inventivene ss and new methodologies that are appealing to buyers. By applying the coordinate control procedure which has immensely improved in the 21st century to fulfilling the requests of their buyers. The all-inclusive natural limits to serve and the enhanced social societies to cooperate with have raised the requirement for innovativeness on any association in marking its items. Social duty may include getting thoughts from general society, or financing and supporting other innovative ventures and giving them remunerates or working together with them (Zu, 2009:115). This may help realize a difference in thoughts and get rid of some of issues, for example, obsolete items, which would have been changed to suit the reformed occasions and make sway on the earth and

Criminological Theories A comparison Between Control Theories and Essay

Criminological Theories An examination Between Control Theories and Scocial control Theories of Crime - Essay Example The social control they depict isn't through Laws, yet through Beliefs and cultural Norms. Be that as it may, these standards could later advance into Laws, morals, Etiquettes and Customs . The Control is affected through setting up congruity and consistence to these standards. SOCIAL CONTROL THEORIES are seen along two viewpoints. The Macro social and Micro social points of view . The Macro Social Perspective looks at the Formal Control Systems which incorporate the Legal frameworks, Law masters, halls which impact laws, which exercise power over the general public. Small scale Social Perspective, contemplates the INFORMAL control frameworks. practiced by Families, strict and instructive organization and friend gatherings. This Informal control shows as Bonding ,Re Integrative Shaming, Attachment, and Learning through Role Models. The control hypotheses center around an individual's Relationship to their folks, instructors, area clerics and mentors who go about as operators of socialization - .A youngster's Effective association with these specialists converts into securities with society.(Hirschi1960) Control Theories study the disguise of Moral codes and the stakes and ties in the network the people creates, which make them as far as possible their degenerate behaviour.These are Informal controls practiced by social and familial securities. It is increasingly a self idea. The most powerful among the Control Theories are, John Bolwlby 's Attachment Theory, Travis Hirschi's Social Bonds Theory , the Age Graded Life course Theory of Sampson and Laube and the General Theory of Crime by Gottferson and Hirschi (1999) The Control Theory of Delinquency was introduced by Travis Hirsche in 1969. It rose up out of the Social Disorganization Theory (Western Criminology Review)which was gradually losing its esteem around then. Hirschi submitted his general direction to this hypothesis which held that Disorganized people group create wrongdoing as casual social controls have broken down.It was John Bowlby who originally glided the passionate angle in social control in his Attachment Theory in 1969.Hirschi combines both these viewpoints . Hirschi's Control Theory places that it isn't so much the Individual's character, however his social Relationships and social bonds which decide the aberrance or similarity of his Behavior. Nonappearance of Control practiced by those bonds left him allowed to gauge the benefits against chance . Connection to others make him more averse to be freak. Both Hirschi and Bowlby stress Parental childhood in imparting socialization. The gathering of enthusiastic speculation by guardians creates Empathy in the individual , which increases his control and help him to Desist from acts disregarding the shows. .The other Control speculations, The General Theory of Crime, The Age Graded Life Course Theory that followed, recognized the SELF idea .They clarified how at a Micro point of view, Informal social bonds which are from the outset outer, become disguised . Gottferson and Hirschi (1990) , and later,Sampson and Laube (1993)in their Age Graded Life Course Perspective said that there is a relationship of causes between the later degenerate conduct and the

How a Normative Group Works in Psychology

How a Normative Group Works in Psychology Basics Print How a Normative Group Works in Psychology By Lauren DiMaria linkedin Lauren DiMaria is a member of the Society of Clinical Research Associates and childhood psychology expert. Learn about our editorial policy Lauren DiMaria Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 03, 2020 Dan Kitwood / Staff / Getty Images More in Psychology Basics Psychotherapy Student Resources History and Biographies Theories Phobias Emotions Sleep and Dreaming You usually hear the term normative group, or norm group, in discussions of tests and measures. It refers to the sample of test-takers who are representative of the population for whom the test is intended. The normative group is intended to stand for a hypothetical typical test-takerâ€"one who represents the group thats being tested.?? How Norm Groups Are Used in Psychological Testing When designing a test of somethingâ€"for instance, academic ability or signs of depressionâ€"its important for the people making the test to understand the group that they are testing. They also need to identify what is considered normal within that group. Take, for example, the SAT (originally named the Scholastic Aptitude Test and later the SAT Reasoning Test). Published by the College Board, the standardized test measures academic potential. The SAT is taken by high school juniors and seniors throughout the United States each year.?? Therefore, the normative group for the SAT is a randomized, cross-cultural group of American junior and senior high school students who accurately reflect the diversity (and thus, the average) of that group of test-takers. How Random Selection Is Used In Research A psychology example could be a test intended to diagnose depression in American children between the ages of five and 10 years old. In this test, the normative group would be a sample of five- to 10-year-olds from various demographic groups within the United States. How Norm-Referenced Tests Are Assessed Norm-referenced tests are assessed differently compared to criterion-referenced tests. Criterion-referenced tests are the typical test format youd find in school: all questions have right answers and wrong answers, and scores are graded out of a perfect score.?? By contrast, its not possible to pass or fail a norm-referenced test. Rather, it will give results based on performance compared to a normative group. One of the main types of norm-referenced tests is an Intelligence Quotient or IQ test.  Intelligence test scores typically follow a  normal distribution, which is a bell-shaped curve where the majority of scores lie near or around the average score. For example, the majority of scores on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Fourth Edition  (WAIS-IV) tend to lie between plus 15 or minus 15 points from the average score of 100. This means that approximately 68% of people who take the WAIS-IV test will score somewhere between 85 and 115.?? How Are IQ Scores Interpreted? Percentiles as an Expression of Performance Norm-referenced tests can also be presented as a percentile. The percentiles are based on a bell curve with the norm falling in the middle. The percentile range is demarcated as deviations (either above or below) from the norm.?? If youve taken a standardized test such as the SAT, you may have noticed that you got both a score that was a number based on the total number of points you could have received, as well as a percentile that reflected how you did in relation to other test takers. The farther away from the norm you are, the further away from the 50th percentile your score will be. So, for instance, an SAT score in the 99th percentile means you scored better than 99% of the other test-takers.

Study Abroad at University of Belgrano

Study Abroad at University of Belgrano University of Belgrano provides an excellent opportunity to gain valuable and memorable experience in the educational program. In my opinion, this is a great opportunity to improve my education and skills. I have recently visited Buenos Aires along with my friend, and now I can state that I have fallen in love with this place. I decided to become a participant of this program for several reasons, which are directly connected with my major specialty. At the moment, I am a student of Florida International University, where I study the Criminal Justice. The study abroad program will give me the opportunity to teach the Spanish language and culture that has long been a dream of mine. This is not my first experience in foreign training; I have taken the gap year studying in Jerusalem. Staying and studying in other countries have allowed me to learn more about people of other cultures and traditions. I believe that this experience is invaluable in shaping not only the knowledge, but also my personal qualities. Precisely, many things will depend on the kind of the classes, but I am sure that this program will discover many new opportunities for me based on what I have learned about the University. In fact, after I get my Bachelors degree, I plan to study law, which will allow implementing my potential and improving my skills. The University of Belgrano provides a plenty of educational programs, additional courses and number of the most interesting specialties. As I have already mentioned, my goal is to study the Spanish language and culture; I have always been interested in the Spanish culture because I live in Miami. For a long time, I have been growing among Spanish-speaking people who have special personal qualities and whose culture has a very interesting origin. Initially, I plan to learn more about the city and about Argentina. To do this, I will have to visit many historical sites as well as make new friends. For some time, I would like to study the culture, art and language, which will help me to better understand the people who live there. Undoubtedly, the University of Belgrano has an impressive teaching staff with a specialization in the Law and Political Science; therefore, the level of education obtained through this program can be defined as high and relevant. In the future, I would like to work in Miami, thus, the knowledge of this program is very useful for me. Criminal Justice at FIU is very similar to the Law and Political Science in the University of Belgrano, although there are also some significant differences. However, the Law and Political Science classes provide more opportunities in the choice of future profession. The combination of these two items will make my education more effective and profound. In addition, the University of Belgrano provides many other exciting opportunities that will enrich my experience within the framework of this program. The University staff holds the conferences involving various specialties almost every week. At the same time, the University helps to apply students knowledge in practice. This experience will enable me to improve a number of the important skills that will build my career in future. Apart from the useful experience in the field of the Criminal Justice, Law and Political Science, I will be able to improve Spanish and thus greatly expand my communication capabilities.

Julius Caesar And Napoleon Bonaparte - 1431 Words

History holds many great and inspiring leaders, some being remembered by many as kings of their time. Two of these incredible individuals are Julius Caesar and Napoleon Bonaparte, both legends and incredible rulers of their time. These men represented what a leader should be, and exactly what made leaders so powerful. Although these two men lived in completely different time periods there are similarities and differences that connect the two. Napoleon Bonaparte was born on August 15, 1769 in Ajaccio, Corsica. He came from a respected family, the family strayed away from being involved with the military. Napoleon joined the military, and developed a skill as a leader. He continued to rise through the ranks, eventually gaining†¦show more content†¦He held a grudge for being exiled and strove to once again become powerful, even more so than before. Even though he returned to France a few years after to better constitutionalize France, he failed and returned to exile. Napoleon w as a magnificent leader, even though he became over zealous and power hungry, Napoleon was a driven man, never secure, never satisfied. â€Å"Power is my mistress,† he said. He demonstrated the charisma and intelligence necessary to lead a nation. He was a well respected leader that set the stage for many others to come, and that is revered by many.† Julius Caesar was the roman emperor from 49-44 BCE and was regarded as a great and powerful leader. His family was very well respected and helped him attain the tools necessary to lead. He was a supporter of the Populares, who were a political group that worked towards a better life for the middle and lower class. He had an amazing amount of energy, physical and mental, and held good health for most of his life. He inspired the public to follow him; thus, they named him emperor of Rome. This led him to challenge authority in Rome and create the First Triumvirate, or dominated by three powers. Caesar was a ruthless man, w ho did whatever he had to do in order to maintain power. Caesar often did things that were seen as vile and even illegal, yet he did them to maintain authority and lead, So blatant, however, were the

Sexism And The Use of Gender Roles in Dream of Jeannie - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 599 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/04/22 Category Sociology Essay Level High school Tags: Gender Roles Essay Did you like this example? While gender roles are learned as people grow older, gender identity is something that is engrained in our brains from birth (Bakanic, 2009). It is such a common occurrence that most people rarely think about it. Although there are many who do not want to be defined by their gender, they may still avoid certain activities or thoughts because they are associated with the opposing gender (Bakanic, 2009). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Sexism And The Use of Gender Roles in Dream of Jeannie" essay for you Create order Women have been viewed as weaker than men and are were meant to stay at the home to raise the children. Men are viewed as stronger and meant to protect and provide for the family. While these roles have generally remained the same, more and more women are working the same jobs as men. Sexism and the use of Gender Roles in I Dream of Jeannie I Dream of Jeannie was a television sitcom that ran for five years between 1965 and 1970 (IMDB, 2018). The show was about an astronaut who crashes on an abandoned island and finds a genie in a bottle (IMDB, 2018). The genie sneaks into Major Anthony Nelsons belongings and end up in his house. During the show, Major Nelson is constantly trying to hide Jeannie away, but she often tries to get noticed by others. Jeannie is a beautiful blonde genie who only want to please her master. She often tries to seduce him in attempts to please him (Sheldon, 1965). She wears clothes that would have been considered revealing in the 1960s. At times, Jeannie is rather ditzy and moody, while other times she is quick witted and intelligent (Sheldon, 1965). In the pilot episode, Jeannie calls herself a slave and says she only wishes to please her master. However, she often defies him, and causes a lot of trouble for him when she is upset (Sheldon, 1965). Now, I Dream of Jeannie would be considered an extremely sexist television show that demonstrates that many people believe that women should be subservient to men. However, during the 1960s, such behaviors were normal. Women were just starting to gain more roles in society and were becoming more adventurous. They did not want to just let men run their lives, they wanted to take control. Although the characters are not very conscious of their gender roles, there are many parts of the show that depict a woman trying to serve her master yet be her own woman at the same time. However, they do make several jokes about getting women under control (Sheldon, 1965). Sexism and Gender Roles in the Present Gender identity has become more complicated in recent years. It has become more common to go against traditional gender roles, and act like someone of the opposite gender. A study conducted in 2017 states that about 150,000 teens nationwide identify as transgender, meaning they feel as though they are outside the gender norms (Herman et al, 2017). There are now many new terms to describe gender. Waking up as a Man I would be very unhappy if I woke up as a man. I enjoy being a woman and have no desire to be anything else. Women may be considered the fairer sex, but we can work just as hard as men. However, I am quite the tomboy. I enjoy some activities that are generally viewed as male activities, such as wrestling with my kids, working on minor issues for my truck and may other types of activities. I do not think that my perspective would change because I understand both men and women very well. Although I am not strong like the stereotypical man, I still do my best to take care of things around the house.

Work, Power, and Energy - 1800 Words

Experiment 4: Work, Power and Energy Maria Isabela Mendoza, Carmela Miranda, Arianne Nagrampa, and Vivien Oreo Department of Biological Sciences University of Santo Tomas Espaà ±a, Manila, Philippines Abstract The experiment performed involved work, power and energy. On the first activity, the time it took for each member to go up and down the stairs was recorded. Afterwards, the work and power done were computed. The most powerful member in the group was student number 2 with power outputs of 239.4 W and 266.0 W when going up and down respectively. On the second activity, the graphs of the potential energy vs. time, kinetic energy vs. time, and mechanical energy vs. time of a ball thrown vertically were all predicted. Finally, the ball was†¦show more content†¦Work, therefore, is directly proportional to the force of an object. The greater the force, the greater work it will be. Power, on the other hand, is commonly defined as the rate of doing work. As seen on table 1, each member has a different amount of power output. The amount of time it took for each member to go up and down the stairs were both measured. Afterwards, the power output was calculated by dividing the work done of each member by the time it took to go up and to go down. When going up the stairs from the second to the third floor, student 1 took the longest amount of time of 17.3s. Note that time is inversely proportional to the power output. The longer time it has, the lesser the amount of power will be yielded. In contrast, the lesser time it has, the greater the power output will be. However, when going up the stairs, student 4 has the least power output among the group members with 204.4 W and a time of 16.4s. This is because student 4 has lesser amount of work than student 1. Meanwhile, student 1 both has the largest amount of work and longest time making the power output larger. Highe r work means higher power. When going down the stairs, student 3 has the least amount of power output. Student 3 has the least amount of work therefore she has the least power among the members. Lesser work means lesser power. Finally, student 2, with a power output of 239.4 W whenShow MoreRelatedWork, Power and Energy1351 Words   |  6 PagesExpriment 4: Work, Power and Energy Department of Math and Physics College of Science, University of Santo Tomas Espana, Manila Philippines Abstract Two activities were performed in this experiment. For the first activity, the weights of the different members of the group were each computed and were used in order to determine how much work and power each member exerted in climbing up and down the stairs while being timed. From the data obtained, it is apparent that as one is fasterRead MorePhysics: Work, Power, Energy2008 Words   |  9 PagesExperiment 4: Work, Power and Energy Arlie Bamiano, Jealine Marie Bernabe, Petrenne Clarice Caimbon, Jhia Caso Department of Biological Sciences College of Science, University of Santo Tomas Espaà ±a, Manila Philippines Abstract The experiment deals primarily with computing the work done by gravity on each member in two scenarios (going up and down the stairs of the second floor and the third floor of the Main Building) wherein weight was also considered and following this, the power outputRead MoreAnalysis of Work, Energy and Power Experiment764 Words   |  4 Pagesbecause the fan cart gives off a constant force. The result that we got for work in the four trials is increasing from the first trial to the last trial because we increases the distance it covers and the work is the product of the force and the distance covered by the object. And the power is the rate at which the work is done it is the work done per unit of time which is second. We got the values of power by dividing the work by the time we got in the smart timer reading. And in table 2, we measureRead MoreExperiment 6: Work, Power and Energy Laboratory Report1806 Words   |  8 Pagesï » ¿Experiment 6: Work, Power and Energy Laboratory Report Eljine Jayson Zhang, Shaira Madelene Vinta, Mel Marvin Villarante, Pauline Alyssa Vega, Camille Elijah Valdez, Nicole Dominique Vasquez Department of Physical Therapy College of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Santo Tomas Espaà ±a, Manila Philippines Abstract This report aims to show how to determine the power output of going up a staircase and going down the same staircase, to determine the change in kinetic and potentialRead MorePower Power is the time rate at which work is done or energy is transferred (Jones, no date).1400 Words   |  6 Pages Power Power is the time rate at which work is done or energy is transferred (Jones, no date). Hence, power is a mixture of both force and velocity (power= force x velocity). Power is an essential component of soccer. Players need to be able to move swiftly while applying a great force on the muscles they are using. This combination of both speed and strength can give footballers a massive advantage on the pitch. However, there are some players that may need to possess a greater amount of power thanRead MoreElectricity Via Natural Sources : Solar And Wind Energy1260 Words   |  6 PagesELECTRICITY VIA NATURAL SOURCES – SOLAR AND WIND ENERGY SOLAR ENERGY: INTRODUCTION –HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT As we all know that, history of solar energy is as old as the humans. Since last two centuries human beings started to use it in order to generate electricity. We get electricity form the sun, directly by some simplest processes or else we can get it without any processes too. ‘Many materials produce small amount of electricity when they are exposed to the light’ – this was discovered by AlexandreRead MoreHybrid Energy Using Solar And Wind1195 Words   |  5 PagesHybrid energy using solar and wind Sustainable conservation Abstract Hybrid energy systems are being used in rural areas as the advances in renewable energy technology are increasing. Hybrid power consist of two or more renewable energy sources used collectively to provide efficient and balanced energy supply. If multiple energy storage devices with complementary performance characteristics are used together, the resulting hybrid system can reduce the cost of energy storage over singleRead MoreExperiment 2011639 Words   |  7 PagesEXPERIMENT 201: WORK, ENERGY AND POWER John Michael A. Ramos, Phy11l/A5 Abstract The essential conditions to be satisfied for work to be done are: Some force must act on the object. The point of application of force must move in the direction of force. W = F x s. SI unit of work is joule. Energy is the capacity to do work. The two types of mechanical energy are kinetic energy and potential energy. Kinetic energy is the energy possessed by an object by virtue of its motion. Potential energy is the energyRead MoreAlternative Energy : Renewable Energy966 Words   |  4 PagesAlternative Energy. What is it? Alternative energy: energy generated in ways that do not deplete natural resources or harm the environment, avoiding the use of fossil fuels and nuclear power (Google Definition). ALternative energy is the way to go: it is cleaner than Fossil Fuels and Nuclear Power, it works with the environment, and is benefitial to the community. First off, the majority of the world, 80% of the United States uses Nuclear power or Fossil Fuels as a source of energy and electricityRead MoreWind and Solar Generated Electricity Essay1168 Words   |  5 Pagesnew techniques for power usage is more urgent than ever. As global warming as a result of Carbon Dioxide emissions becomes at the forefront of all environmental issues, the need for a global metanoia is encouraged. The breakdown of coal to create electricity becomes more and more frowned upon each day by environmental activists, the call for a greater proportion of alternative power such as wind and solar is recommended. The question is often posed as to which alternative energy source is leading

Conception of Free Will and the Concept of a Person

Philosopher’s Frankfurt and Sartre both argue about the conception of free will and the concept of a person. Sartre’s main point is on existentialism, the fundamentals of freedom and the responsibilities of our emotions and desires. Frankfurt focuses on the first order and second order desires. Identifying with a desire and externalizing them and taking a stance as an agent, as well as, the importance of morality and self interest. Jean-Paul Sartre is a philosopher who argues about the conception of free will. In order to establish the existence of free will, it would have to be verified whether it exists or not. Sartre asserts that perception is nothingness, and therefore nothingness composes free will. Since, I exist as a human being, it’s reasonable to say that my consciousness exist as well. We are nothing but our choices. Sartre notably says â€Å"existence precedes essence† by this he points out that we produce our essence with our own actions. As human beings we are free to decide and conclude our actions, even though we are defined by them. Consequently, we are accountable for the actions that characterize who we are as a person. We must start with our own experiences of ourselves, and this is what distinguishes us from every other kind of being. In regards to other things, that essence simply defines the existence. Essence classifies the feature of something. Sartre argues if God is nonexistent, there is no human spirit or real meaning. God is the creator of allShow MoreRelatedThe Differences Between Positive And Negative Freedom1165 Words   |  5 Pagesdifferences between positive and negative freedom. This topic has been a key division between political and moral philosophers for centuries. Berlin compared and contrasted these two concepts and determined that in his view, negative freedom was â€Å"truer† and more humane than the positive view. 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Free-rider: Everyone is to act justly except for myself if I choose not to. 3. General: Everyone is permitted to advance his interests as he pleases (107). In meticulous detail, Rawls indicates that these â€Å"egoistic conceptions† should not be considered as alternativesRead MoreEssay on Human Cloning and the Value of Human Life1257 Words   |  6 PagesHuman Cloning and the Value of Human Life To recognize the value of human life, from conception until its natural end, is an achievement of civilization to be safeguarded as a primary good of the person and of society. Today, however, in many societies it is not unusual to see a sort of regression of civilization, the result of an incomplete and sometimes distorted conception of human freedom, which often finds public legitimization in the State legal system. 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Using the Law to Protect the Environment Free Essays

Introduction When defining the environment, Dimento (2003) states that it comprises of both natural and anthropogenic elements that are not only mutually interrelated, but has an impact on the ecological balance, life, human health, historical and cultural heritage and the landscape. From this definition, the environment comprises of three main things, the natural resources, the fauna and flora, and the properties which form part of the cultural heritage (Shelton Kiss 2005). The misuse of environmental resources and pollution worldwide has prompted commitment from governments and major stakeholders to put in place measures to protect the environment, and, consequently, environmental laws are being enacted in an effort to protect the environment (Dimento 2003). We will write a custom essay sample on Using the Law to Protect the Environment or any similar topic only for you Order Now The environmental resources cannot be rejuvenated once depleted; neither can it protect itself from misuse and pollution. Therefore, only the law can be used to protect the environment. Putting in place laws in charge of the environment will speak loudly about how the environment can be used sustainably as well as give prior warnings to those who may intend to misuse or pollute the environment. Laws usually give directions and consequences of going against such directions. Environment has its own rights and any violator of such rights will only be answerable to the law. According to UNEP, environmental law looks at the features of the protection programs which have been put in place to safeguard specific aspects of the environment and natural resources, such as water, air, waste and endangered species. It is also the reference point for judges presiding over environment related cases (Thirlway 2003). Before 1960, the environmental law did not exist as independently as other domestic or international legal issues (Shelton, Kiss Kanami 2003). However, international laws in place currently to help tackle the scientific issues which affect the environment, such as uncertainty issues, sustainable development, issues of diversity and settings issues of individuals and the society, and economics aspects of the environment (Fitzmaurice 2003). These laws seek to control the use of resources in a sustainable manner and to eradicate contamination of the environment through pollution and similar human practices. These laws, therefore, protects against loss of biodiversity, loss of fertility, desertification and famine, depletion of fishing resources, increase of cancers due to depletion of the ozone layer and damage of future generations (Zaelke, Kaniaru Kruzikova 2005). According to the United Nations (2003), sources of environmental laws can be classified into two categories: the National laws and the International laws. The basis of the legal mechanisms of the environmental law include prohibition and restriction of activities such as pollution, product and process standards, prior informed consent, environmental impact assessment, and land use regulation (Zaelke, Kaniaru Kruzikova 2005). Generally, these laws are formulated in such a way that they are preventive, that is, they prevent damage of the environment such that the use of some resources from the environment must be approved through rigorous exercises of environmental impact assessment and other similar regulations. This, in a broader perspective, helps in protecting the en vironment. Sanctions and penalties have also been put in place for those who fail to comply and this also helps in protecting the environment (Stanley, Johnson Gunther 1993). References. Dimento, J., (2003)., The Global Environment and International Law, .University Of Texas Press. Fitzmaurice, M., (2003)., The Practical Working of the Law of Treaties, In International law, Oxford University Press. Tarlock, D., History of Environmental law. Environmental law and their enforcement, Vol 1, Thirlway, H., (2003)., The Sources of International Law, In International Law, Oxford University Press. (272) Shelton and Kiss., (2005)., Judicial handbook on Environmental law, UNEP, Hertfordsire, Shelton, Kiss and Kanami., (2003)., Economic Globalization and Compliance with International Environmental Agreements. New York:, Kluwer Law International, New York. Stanley, Johnson and Gunther., (1993)., Managing Fragile Ecosystems: Combating Desertification and Drought, The Earth Summit: The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) n.d United Nations., (2003),. Handbook of Final Clauses of Multilateral Treaties, http://untreaty.un.org/English/TreatyHandbook/hbframeset.htm United Nations Environment Programme, Division of Policy Development and Law (â€Å"Unep/Dpdl†) http://www.unep.org/DPDL/law/ Zaelke, Kaniaru and Kruzikova,. (2005),. Making Law Work, Environmental Compliance and Sustainable Development.,Cameroon. How to cite Using the Law to Protect the Environment, Essay examples

Budgeting Commercial & Industrial Era

Question: Write about theBudgetingfor Commercial Industrial Era. Answer: Relevance of Budgeting the Modern Commercial Industrial Era In a time of changes in the modern management, where the autonomy and responsibility of the companies increases, the decision making demands pressure and speed, and therefore the factor of prediction and control of the budgets is of vital importance like an efficient administrative tool. It is for this purpose that this work is born on the elaboration and management of the commercial budget to face the future challenges of the current administration. In most companies the barrier is not to ignore the importance of the elaboration and control of the commercial budget, but to ignore how to do it, and even when it is done, not to take advantage of the advantages that would evidently give as an element of planning and control expressed in financial economic terms within the framework of a strategic plan(Drury, 2011). The design of a procedure for the elaboration and control of a commercial budget will contribute to the correct elaboration and control of the same in the company. The following are some of the other relevancies of budgeting in commercial era. It facilitates efficiency and control within the operation and requires cooperation between all departments of the company, motivating management to focus on defining the objectives(Patel, 2012). It alsopromotes standardization and control in the flow of information while reducing uncertainty which means a continuous improvement challenge for the executives within the company. This document deals with the different types of budgets within the business environment, as well as other generalities of this administrative tool vital for current decision making and for the future challenges of business management since budgets arise from planning, One of the stages of the administrative process, and help formulate strategies and policies associated with the different forecasts of current business(Sagar, 2009) Budget Programming Process: Critical Analysis and Recommendations This innovation generates a period of deep analysis and understanding of costs, promotes the need to budget and program and promotes technicality, group work and decision making based on comprehensive cost study and evaluation( Crosson and Needles, 2007). The role played by budgets is highlighted by prestigious modern writers who point to the vitality of prognoses related to cash management. References Crosson, S and Needles, B,. (2007) Managerial accounting, Cengage learning, USA Drury, C. (2011). Cost and management accounting. 1st ed. Andover, Hampshire, UK: South-Western Cengage Learning. Patel, B,. (2012) Project management, edition 2nd, Vikas publications, India Sagar, R,. (2009) Tulsians Isc Accountancy XII, edition 5th, Ratna sagar, India

Domestic Politics and Norm Diffusion †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Domestic Politics and Norm Diffusion. Answer: Introduction: The theory of global justice exists within the framework of broader school of cosmopolitanism (Acharya 2014). In this regard, it is noteworthy to mention here that, since time immemorial, the school of cosmopolitan laid emphasis on the importance of individuals rather than state and communities. According to the perspective of Cosmopolitans human being possesses equal moral rights and therefore acquires equal moral analysis (Acuto and Curtis 2014). In this context, if disagreement arises between cosmopolitans regarding the fact that how individuals fit within the subject-matter of equal moral concern. The essay intends to highlight the views of the cosmopolitans to the existence of individuals rather than states. In this essay the argumentative claims of different authors shall be emphasized. In this regard firstly the arguments of Liberal Rawlsians shall be presented whose focus was limited state-centric approaches. The arguments of Thomas Pogge will be presented in the second secti on which would attract much attention as it focused on human-centric approaches rather than states. Thirdly the approaches of moral cosmopolitan shall be applied to the mentioned arguments. Fourthly, the theory of Global Justice shall be emphasized. In the fifth section the views of contemporary authors against the cosmopolitans shall be emphasized. Finally, it shall be discussed that why the basic structure of international relations should be governed by the principles of cosmopolitans. The approaches have been identified as Kantianism and Utilitarianism which are moral cosmopolitan approaches. As a result of such focus on the moral value of individuals other than that of states the cosmopolitan scholars could critically evaluate the theories of justice which from the very beginning focused on the existence of states. The scholars of contemporary global justice emphasized on the moral worth of individuals by excluding the issues of global cohabitation. According to the opinion of Pogge, a just and stable institutional scheme which is involved by the concept of Justice by preserving the allocation of basic rights and opportunities and goods which is declared as fair within the nations and globe (Adler-Nissen 2014). Liberal Rawlsians agreed with such perspective along with other cosmopolitans by stating that there must be equal value within societies. It can be mentioned that Thomas Pogge laid emphasis on human-centric approach to justice while John Rawl emphasized on state-centric approach to justice (Aradau and Huysmans 2014). In this regard, it is worth mentioning that traditionally the theory of justice was based on political structures which were concerned with states by determining the power of the states to make laws and involve in the welfare of public policy. Therefore, in the opinion of Pogge political structures should be constructed in such a way by ensuring proper distribution of rights and duties between individuals of the states (Berger 2014). However, the traditional theory of justice dealt with the concept of distributive justice where revenue is shared equally within the states however, it is not equally distributed between individuals of the society. As a result of such inequality in the distribution of wealth the individuals of states were refrained from living a decent life. In the perspective of Thomas Pogge, such concept can prevail within the framework of a democratic society (Buzan and Lawson 2014). In this context, it c an be stated that the traditional theory of justice was associated with the presence of states however, the existence of human beings were ignored. However, the traditional theory of justice was designed in a way to deal with the issues of the state. Various cosmopolitan scholars dealt with the issues arising out of the traditional theory of justice by applying the approaches of Utilitarianism and Kantianism (Chan et al. 2015). The utilitarian approach can be applied to the traditional theory of justice as it cannot be applied to the subject-matter of moral philosophy. In this regard, it is noteworthy to mention here that the moral principle of utilitarianism is to maximize utility which is applicable to the actions of individuals and the concept of international relations (Fabbrini 2016). However, Kantianism approach was based on the foundation of two basic rights- acquired and innate. Views of Thomas Pogge: Different cosmopolitan scholars argued that the questions regarding the traditional theories of justice has created limitations in a modern era (Holzscheiter 2014). It is worth noting that with the advent of global institutions which proved to be efficient in performing the major functions of the state which includes the power to make laws and to impose or collect taxes. In this regard, Thomas Pogge was of the opinion that there existed inequalities between individuals which are a concern of the nations as it constituted a major global issue. Therefore, Thomas Pogge laid emphasis on the issue regarding global inequalities arising between individuals of the states by applying the approaches of Utilitarianism and Kantianism. However, from the very beginning Thomas Pogge grounded his arguments in various other ways by widening the scope of international justice thereby taking it to a global level. As a result of these arguments, the term global justice came into being and thereby the th eories of international relations originated. It can be noted that the theories of international relations laid much emphasis on the individuals rather than the states. Thomas Pogge also focused on the issues of global poverty. Therefore it was argued by Thomas Pogge that the programs of poverty alleviation laid emphasis on the redistribution of resources and revenues between different sections of the society- the rich and the poor (Hurd 2014). With the evaluation of humanitarian intervention, Thomas Pogge presented vide argument regarding the issue related to individuals over the objectives state-centric theories. He emphasized human beings should be given the highest priority over the objectives of state-centric ideas. The issues related to global health was argued by stating that global structures acts significantly in determining the health of individuals (Kelley and Simmons 2015). Since time immemorial, scholars of Cosmopolitan global justice have been focusing on the issues regarding gender inequality, warfare, immigration as well as climatic change. The concept of global justice is appropriate to the field of International Relations. However, Cosmopolitan scholars have engaged themselves with the evaluation and assessment of fundamental issues caused as a result of global intervention. According to Pogge, that International Relation is a modern theory that shall remain relevant as long as there is an existence of global issues. According to the perspective of Thomas Pogge, the basic structure of international relations is concerned with the study of individuals. The principles of international relations are governed by the relationship between individuals rather than states. From the very beginning the structural framework of international relations is not governed by the principles of inter-state relations ((Risse 2016). However, according to the views of cosmopolitan scholars, the moral concern of the individuals shall be taken into account for ensuring the fact that individuals should be prioritized over states. It has been emphasized by cosmopolitan scholars that the subject matter of human rights occupies an important position in the discussion related to the importance of human dignity. It has been observed that while the cosmopolitan scholars were concerned with the issues of human dignity, others were concerned with the processes of social changes within the states. Approaches of Moral cosmopolitans: It is noteworthy to mention here that, two different scholars in the same field shall not have exactly the same perspectives. Therefore, the concept of global justice has been criticized by several authors on various grounds. According to Miller, national borders occupy significant position as compared to the principles of cosmopolitan global justice (Kelley and Simmons 2015). In his opinion, in order to come to a conclusion which involves an agreement on the principles of global justice it is essential to acquire knowledge about the history and cultures of global principles. The principles of global justice can be differentiated from the national borders in making effective decision regarding what is right or wrong. According to Nagel and Blake, in order to achieve global justice it is important on the part of the states to initiate the establishment of powerful global institutions (Nikolayevich Chumakov 2014). There is no such existence of global institutions that exerted power ove r the states and individuals. Modern scholars also regarding the concept of cosmopolitanism as a western-centric theory which do not have a global appearance. According to them, the concept of global justice is concerned with the importance of individuals in relation to human rights which from the beginning has been regarded as western ideals. However, it is worth mentioning that such criticisms could not affect the importance of the principles of global justice as well as the theories of International Relations. Global justice has favorable effects on climatic changes which proved to be effective in addressing the inequalities between the individuals other than states (Aradau and Huysmans 2014). It is evident that climate changes require the assistance of global solution. In this regard, it can be observed that change in climate formulates unfair distribution of benefits and burdens individuals acquiring moral and equal values. According to the views of cosmopolitan scholars, change in climate is likely to affect individuals to a great extent (Berger 2014). In order to provide appropriate solution to such issue, different ideas were formulated by the scholars for the purpose of prioritizing individuals over states. In this regard, Thomas Pogge laid emphasis on such prioritization by defining three different rights which poses as a threat to individuals. The three rights can be emphasized as right to health, right to food and right to life. However, the cosmopolitan scholars ensured that prog rams combating climatic changes shall not in any way violate the three basic rights. In this regard, cosmopolitan scholars also emphasized that individuals prefer to live in an environment which contributes adequately to their wellbeing (Adler-Nissen 2014). In this regard, the cosmopolitan scholars presented their argument by stating that priority is not concerned with the protection of individuals as it is the major concern of international laws (Risse 2016). However, the creation of rights related to climatic changes must be defended to the highest priority. The cosmopolitan scholar focused on the conception of rights with the inclusion of both procedural and substantive rights (Chan et al. 2015). The procedural and substantive rights are associated with the participation of policy implementing procedures where individuals shall have the right to share their concern about the prevailing conditions and policies (Nikolayevich Chumakov 2014). The cosmopolitan scholars were not only concerned with basic human rights however; their main concern was regarding the implementation of fair procedures. Thomas Pogge was right in his view as he pointed out that traditionally the principle of cosmopolitanism is concerned with the issues of both states and individuals. Therefore, the cosmopolitan scholars argued that individuals can contribute in lowering environmental hazards by including the participation of state-authorities and international financial institutions (Holzscheiter 2014). Various debates have been conducted between cosmopolitan and traditional scholars where various ideas were circulated concerning states and individuals. While discussing about the factors of climatic changes, global justice scholars rightly opted for the discipline of International Relations in order to reach a new destination. Since time immemorial, the theory of International Relations is concerned with the issues of global disturbance (Welch 2014). In this regard, cosmopolitan scholars effectively contributed in widening the theoretical outlook of International Relations by shifting the existing concern from states to individuals. In this way the cosmopolitan scholars were able to address the issues of global disorder efficiently (Weiss and Wilkinson 2014). In spite of various approaches on the part of scholars, the states involved themselves with the duty of managing warfare and conflict between states other than addressing the issues of individuals by encompassing global agreements. According to Pogge, in modern times global justice has been represented as an issue which has not gained recognition as compared to other theories like liberalism and realism (Aradau and Huysmans 2014). However, in recent times, with the advent of issues regarding transnational terrorism, immigration issues, climatic change s and global inequalities the principles of global justice achieved worldwide recognition as it could efficiently address the issues regarding global conflict and cooperation. It has been argued by Cosmopolitans that every international community is vested with a responsibility to involves themselves for the benefit of the individuals. The international communities are involved in the process of active intervention in order to safeguard the rights of vulnerable individuals from violation. They initiated the development of cosmopolitan justice which is governed by the principles of global rule of law (Buzan and Lawson 2014). Many scholars highly criticized the arguments placed by the cosmopolitan scholars by on the grounds of illogical and unreasonableness (Welch 2014). According to them, the cosmopolitans could not address the issues regarding systematic and chronic organizational factors which undermine the major cases of threats faced by the individuals of the states as a whole (Welch 2014). The arguments of the cosmopolitan scholars were examined where it was observed that how the intervention of humanitarian military failed to safeguard the interests of the individuals. It can be emphasized the arguments circulated by contemporary cosmopolitans narrowly focused on the crisis of structural changes. However, the cosmopolitan scholars could recognize the principles of humanitarian intervention and therefore actively contributed in incorporating the regulations of distributive global justice (Acuto and Curtis 2014). The cosmopolitan scholars were able to secure the position of individuals by protecting their moral rights (Kelley and Simmons 2015). The cosmopolitans rightly stated that in order determine the regulations of international relations, it is important on the part of the international community to contribute efficiently towards failed states. However, focus should be solely on the aggressive states in order to maintain peace and order. In the perspective of Pogge, the principles of global justice reflected equal concern towards individuals while addressing the issues of states (Pegram 2015). The cosmopolitans were of the view that the traditional theory of global justice was responsible for inequalities between states and individuals (Chan et al. 2015). It is noteworthy to mention here that such inequalities arose as a result of unequal development within states. However, in some cases, such inequalities may arise as a result of decisions taken by state members who are at the obligation of taking appropriate decisions regarding individuals. However, cosmopolitan scholars emphasized that the elimination of such inequalities could be possible by improving the condition of socio-political institutions (Aradau and Huysmans 2014). The cosmopolitan scholars emphasized that the principles of global justice focused on reducing the inequalities between individual to a large extent. Why Thomas Pogges views gained much recognition: Thomas Pogge forwarded his opinion by stating that from the very beginning the concepts of domestic tyranny and international transactions are not connected. International transactions are associated with the fair exchange of market prices which involves the intervention on individuals (Weiss and Wilkinson 2014). However, the concept of domestic tyranny is completely unjustified. According to Pogge, every individual should have the ability to address the right questions. In this regard, the right questions can be labeled as How to provide eradication of global poverty?or How to organize the world in a better way? The theorists of Cosmopolitan emphasized that from the very beginning the principles of global justice were concerned with the states. However, the condition of nation-state has been challenged by the intervention of global forces. Therefore, the best possible way to protect the interests of the individuals is to promote the development of new political institutions. It is important to note that according to the perspective of relational cosmopolitans inequality between individuals should be reduced. However, such perspective can be totally related to the wellbeing of individuals and the relation between them. As stated by Pogge, the basic structure of international relations should not be governed by interstate principles; however the principles of cosmopolitans shall apply in order to address the inequalities between individuals and states. In this regard, various differences formed between Pogge and the other scholars for the purpose of deciding the actual mechanisms that shall be required for addressing the inequalities. According to the perspective of Pogge, the terms of agreement of international relations shall be framed in such a way so that the social inequalities which arise from natural consequences tend to disappear overtime (Risse 2016). Justice is about the equal wellbeing of the individuals as a whole. Justice is associated with va rious other objectives like to practically involve in foreign policy and global intervention. Firstly, in order to address the inequalities, the states are at the duty to reform the rules of international order which are in existence (Pegram 2015). Since time immemorial, the rules of international relations have been discriminating between the rich and poor. However, at present the rules of international trade is subsidizing the rich and thereby the access of the poor countries towards natural resources has been blocked. In some cases, the poorest countries do not have any access to imports. The objective of Global Justice is to order the rich countries so that they provide access of their markets to poorer countries. It was argued by Pogge that the rich countries can easily open opportunities towards the poorer countries however; such initiation shall not cause any disproportionate harm on their part (Nikolayevich Chumakov 2014). Such reforms are no longer in existence and are not a matter of concern to the individual states. However, it is important on the part of individual states to participate in various global forums like the WTO. According to the Cosmopolitan scholars the states are at the authority to initiate the creation of an international order which should not in any way harm the interests of the poor section of the society (Nikolayevich Chumakov 2014). It is worth noting that such duty is applicable on the part of both the international societies and individual states for the purpose of changing their acts and practices. The multilateral agreements in which such individual states and international agreements are parties shall also change their outlook. Conclusion: In the conclusion it can be stated that in order to achieve the Global justice it is important on the part of the states to develop an ideal theory. In order to provide ideal principles individuals it is important on their part to serve as productive members. Therefore it is important for the states to understand the principles of international relations in order to act effectively towards failed states as well as towards states that threatened peace and stability. Based on the ideas emphasized by Thomas Pogge it can be finally concluded that the basic structural framework of international relations should be governed by the principles of cosmopolitan that identifies the inequalities between individuals rather than focusing on states. References: Acharya, A., 2014. Global International Relations (IR) and Regional WorldsA New Agenda for International Studies.International Studies Quarterly,58(4), pp.647-659. Acuto, M. and Curtis, S., 2014. Assemblage thinking and international relations. InReassembling International Theory(pp. 1-15). Palgrave Pivot, London. Adler-Nissen, R., 2014. Stigma management in international relations: Transgressive identities, norms, and order in international society.International Organization,68(1), pp.143-176. Aradau, C. and Huysmans, J., 2014. Critical methods in International Relations: The politics of techniques, devices and acts.European Journal of International Relations,20(3), pp.596-619. Berger, T.U., 2014. Norms, Identity, and National Security.Security Studies: A Reader. Buzan, B. and Lawson, G., 2014. Rethinking benchmark dates in international relations.European Journal of International Relations,20(2), pp.437-462. Chan, S., Asselt, H., Hale, T., Abbott, K.W., Beisheim, M., Hoffmann, M., Guy, B., Hhne, N., Hsu, A., Pattberg, P. and Pauw, P., 2015. Reinvigorating international climate policy: a comprehensive framework for effective nonstate action.Global Policy,6(4), pp.466-473. Fabbrini, S., 2016. From consensus to domination: the intergovernmental union in a crisis situation. Journal of European Integration, 38(5), pp.587-599. Holzscheiter, A., 2014. Between communicative interaction and structures of signification: Discourse theory and analysis in international relations. International Studies Perspectives, 15(2), pp.142-162. Hurd, I., 2014. The International Rule of Law: Law and the Limit of Politics. Ethics International Affairs, 28(1), pp.39-51. Kelley, J.G. and Simmons, B.A., 2015. Politics by number: Indicators as social pressure in international relations. American journal of political science, 59(1), pp.55-70. Nikolayevich Chumakov, A., 2014. Global world: a problem of governance. Campus-Wide Information Systems, 31(2/3), pp.108-120. Pegram, T., 2015. Governing relationships: the new architecture in global human rights governance. Millennium, 43(2), pp.618-639. Risse, T., 2016. Domestic Politics and Norm Diffusion in International Relations: Ideas Do Not Float Freely (Vol. 34). Taylor Francis. Weiss, T.G. and Wilkinson, R., 2014. Rethinking global governance? Complexity, authority, power, change. International Studies Quarterly, 58(1), pp.207-215. Welch, D.A., 2014. The Justice Motive in International Relations: Past, Present, and Future. International Negotiation, 19(3), pp.410-425.

College Student Scholarships Sample Essay - Improve Your Chances of Getting a Scholarship With This Essay

College Student Scholarships Sample Essay - Improve Your Chances of Getting a Scholarship With This EssayWhen applying for college, your odds of getting a scholarship are much higher if you have a college student scholarship sample essay to use. The one thing you can't do is to do your best at the essay preparation without the appropriate materials.If you are going to go to these scholarship sites, you will be able to get samples to follow. You can view your selected essay, make any alterations you need, and submit it right away. In this way, you will get more time to think about the content of your essay, your credentials, and your success in life.There are quite a few reasons why a college student would want to improve their GPA and move ahead in the college career ladder. One of the main reasons would be that getting a scholarship would mean a brighter future. Another thing you could do would be to impress upon a potential employer the skills you are now learning in school. These are just some of the many reasons to get a college student scholarship essay.Your college student's essay should be able to present your own position and to demonstrate your knowledge in a specific field. These are all elements that would make a difference in your future success. So, take the time and consider the above mentioned tips for enhancing your college student's essay.Before you submit your college student's essay, you need to make sure that it is just right. You need to ensure that the format is not too much for your child or yourself. Make sure that the sentence structure is perfect. You don't need to change the style too much as it can be changed later on.One of the other things you need to make sure is that the contents are short and crisp. If you do, you will be able to deliver your message in the best way possible. Keep in mind that they are seeking to win your attention. You don't want to make them feel bored by your essay. Also, don't force any specific type of lang uage over here.You can get a college student's essay to improve your chances of getting a scholarship in the form of a sample. It doesn't matter what kind of college student you want to be. It is all up to you to help yourself prepare for your college application and scholarship.

So Much For The Afterglow free essay sample

Everclear So Much for the AfterglowI must say that Everclear is one of the best groups out there. In their most recent record, So Much For The Afterglow, they really outdo themselves. This record is a mixed bag. They hit you with some rock n roll tunes, including So Much For The Afterglow, Amphetamine and Like A California King. Then if you want to slow it down a bit with alternative, they do that too, with tracks like I Will Buy You A New Life, Everything to Everyone, Father of Mine and more. I strongly recommend this album to those who enjoy good music with either an upbeat sound or a slower one. It is a great, entertaining CD. You can find it in the alternative rock n roll section. This CD features songs dedicated to band members family and friends. It displays an ability to write songs for loved ones that others still enjoy. We will write a custom essay sample on So Much For The Afterglow or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Personally, I think their tracks should be higher on the charts. Knock-knock, hey Billboard, whats wrong with you? How about moving I Will Buy You New Life up the charts? Good idea, huh. You can thank me later. Remember they are called Everclear and they sing the album So Much For The Afterglow..Review by Gary Thomerson, Fairbanks, AK

Story of Jose Rizal by Austin Craig Essay Example

Story of Jose Rizal by Austin Craig Essay Example Story of Jose Rizal by Austin Craig Paper Story of Jose Rizal by Austin Craig Paper of the courtesy of the Spaniards, uniformly experienced during the five years i^i ivliich this study has been in indgrcss. I^HIUPflNK KDUCifVXION PUBLISH ^fC* COMPANY KBCJISTERED IN THE PHILIPPINES ISLANIS I (Txi/Jif of Tranxhifiori lifiicrved . ) Press of Methodist Publishing House, Manila. EN The Story of ^Jose Rizae ^J OSE RIZAL, the martyr- hero of the Philippines, on the southwest shore of the picturesque laguna of Bay, in Luzon, June 19, 18G1. His fathers family began in the Philippines with a Chinaman named Lam co who came from the Amoy district to Manila possibly because of the political troubles which followed the conquest of his country by the Manchu invaders. It was in 1697 that this ancestor, whose Christian name was Domingo, was baptized in the Parian hurch of San Gabriel. Â » was born At first in Kiilamba, a merchant, he finally made up his mind to stay in these Islands, and turned farmer to escape the bitter anti Chinese prejudice which then existed in Manila. Rftther late in life he married the daughter of a countryman who was a dealer in rice and moved into La Laguna province to become a tenant on the Dominican Friars estate at B iiian. His son. Francisco Mercado y Chinco, apparently owed his surname to the Chinese custom of looking to the appropriateness of the meaning. Sangley, the name thruout all the Philippines for Chinamen ignifies travelling trader and in the shop Spanish cf the Islands mercado was used for trader. So Lamco evidently intended that his descendants should stop travelling but not cease being traders. Francisco Mercado was a name held in high honor in La Laguna for it had belonged to a famous sea captain who had been given the encomienda of Bay for his services and had there won the regard of those who paid tribute to him by his fairness and interest in their welfare. Franciscos son was Captain Juan Mercado y Monica and he took advantage of his position to expunge from the municipal records the designation Chinese mestizo fter the names of himself and family. Thus he saved the higher fees and taxes which Chinese mestizos then were compelled to pay. The Captain died when his youngest son, Francisco Fngracio Mercado y Alexandra, was only nine years old. An unmarried sister, Potenciana, twenty years older than boy and sent him to the Latin school. years later the husband of their sister Petrona died and they moved to the neighboring hacienda of Kalamba, also belonging to the Dominican order, to help the widow with her farm. The landlords recognized the industry of the young farmer and kept increasing his land until he became one f the most prosperous of their tenants. In 1847 his sister Potenciana died and the following year Francisco married. he, looked after the Some Dr. Rizals Father His wife, Teodora Alonso y Quintos, was nine years his junior and a woman not only of exceptional ability but with an education unusual for that time in its modern- She was of Ilocano-Tagalog-Chineseness and liberality. Spanish descent, possibly having even a little Japanese blood, and her family counted lawyers, priests, govern- ment officials and merchants among its members. They boas ted of one representative of the Philippines in the Spanish Cortes, and it is said to have been a youthful ambition of Dr. Rizal to fill some day the same position. A new family name was adopted in 1850 by authority of the royal decree of the preceding year which sought to remedy the confusion resulting from many unrelated Filipinos having the same surnames and a still greater number having no last names at all. The new name, however, was not taken from the government lists but appears to have been selected, as was the old one, because of its appropriateness. Rizal, a shortened form of the Spanish word for second crop, seemed suited to a family of armers who were making a second start in a new home. Francisco Rizal soon found that in spite of his legal authority for it. the new name was making confusion in business affairs begun under the old name, so he comproHis mothmised, after a few years, on Rizal Mercado. er-in-law, who lived in the neighborhood, at the same time adopted the name Rialonda and her children fol lowed her example. So it was that when Jose Protasio Rizal was baptized, the record showed his parents as Francisco Rizal Mercado and Teodora Realonda, another spelling of Rialonda. St. Protasio, the childs patron, very properly was a artyr, and that a Filipino priest baptized and a secular archbishop confirmed him seem also fitting. Joses mother taught him his letters, learned at three, and his uncles and an- aunt interested themselves in his training untila young man named Monroy, who had studied for the priesthood but never taken the final orders, came into the house as Joses tutor. The impression of his first reading lesson, which was the story of the foolish butterfly in Abbe Sabatiers Childrens Friend, was prophetic of a martyrs fate, for the child envied the insect which had died for the sake of Early the injustices and abuses daily to be he light. seen in Kalamba attracted his attention and he wondered if in the land across the lake, which to him then seem- ed a distant country, the people wer e happier and the officials less cruel than they were on the shore where his home was. No small part of his childhood training came from listening to the Spaniards, officials and priests, who generally were guests in the Eizal home when they visited Kalamba. The parish priest, Father Leoncio Lopez, also made the boy the companion of his walks, and the confidant of his views on the injustices done the Filipino clergy. On his pony or afoot with his dog Usman, Jose explored all the picturesque region which lies about Kalamba, but his first journey from home was at seven when his family -visited Antipolo during the festival in honor of the Virgin *of Peace and Safe Travfl which had been brought from America by an early Spanish governor. Until he went away to school, and then during his holidays at home, entertainments were given the neighbors Our Lady of Peace and Safe Voyages who is venerated at Actipolo - l()rii Hail. Flower of Purity, Queen Hail, Al Juveniud Pilipina,. of the seas. Seamens Security, Emblem of peace. Antipolo. Of thee we all know. The fame of thy name shall not cease. The picture was found RizaVs album and in Dr. engraving placed by him, according to the Filipino custom, inside his is the chest home. when he Jirst left and shadow movintr pictures. These shadowgraphs were made by paper figures moved by his clever fingers between a lamp and a white curtain. Their novelty and his skill were the subject of village talk which magnified them as it repeated the stories until the boy came to be enveloped in a sort of mystery. As he became more than a local hero, these tales spread thru the archipelago abreast with his growing reputation nd were doubtless the foundation for the belief in his miraculous powers which existed among the illiterate of his countrymen. In two years at the Biiian Latin school, where he lived in the home of an aunt, he got beyond tlie old schoolmaster, Florentino Aquin Cruz, and returned to Kalamba to wait till he was old enough to go to Manila. After a few weeks in the public school under a Lu cas Padua, who had been a student in the Jesuit Normal School, Jose rested for a while from studying. His unfavorable opinion of the public school and its methods are very apparent, however, from frequent references in his writings. His brother Paciano had been studying philosophy in San Jose College but really had been more interested in the stirring political matters of the day so that it was considered better for Jose, when he went to Manila, to not go with the elder brother. He lived with the keeper of a sinauiay store in which his mother was a partner thru furnishing the capital, and seems first to have been examined in San Juan de Letran College but not to have attended there. This was in June, 187 1, and of the rest of that school year there is no record, but college mates say that once in Spain he spoke f having been in the Jesuit Normal and laughed aver the recollection of his first struggles with Spanish. His Ateneo record shows credit for arithmetic but evidently given for examination on entrance, which was June 15, 1872, and learning Spanish would certainly have been enough work for one year. The first year in Manila was important in Dr. Rizals education tho the knowledge was not gained in school. On January 20, 1872, the liberal ideas that had been rapidly gaining ground in the Philippines received a terrible set back thru an insurrection in Cavite which was of sleight- of -liaiid tricks ade the pretext for removing the progressive leaders tho their guilt was never established and the people bePaciano kept his brother posted on lieved them innocent. the conditions nor did Mrs. Rizal conceal from her sons her interest in the situation and belief that injustice was being done^ To the memory of the priests, Don MARIANO GOMEZ (aged 86 years) DoD JOSE BURGOS (aged 30 years )Â » and Don JACINTO Executed ZAMORA on (aged 35 years) Bagumbayan Field February, 1872. The Church, by refusing to unfrock you, has placed in doubt the crime which has been charged against you; the State, by enveloping your trial in ystery and uncertainty, caused belief in an error committed in a fatal moment; and the Philippines, by venerating your memory and calling you martyrs, does not recognize in any way your guilt. {The dedication of the novel El Filibustensmo. ^^) JO With the following year, when he entered the Ateneo Municipal, his real schooling began. This school, whose semi-centennial is to be celebrated in 1909 and which has educated the greater part of the leading men of the Philippines of today, had been founded by the Jesuits upon their return to the Islands after nearly a century of banishment. In methods of instruction it was in 1872 the only modern school in Manila, but it was particularly because Filipinos were given the same treatment there as Spaniards that the school was so popular. Hundreds were going as day scholars awaiting a vacancy in the dormitory that they might enjoy the advantages of a boarder. It was not until his fourth year that Joses opportunity came. The Ateneo Municipal On March 14, 1877, he received his bachelors degree in Arts with highest honors, having been first in his class in both deportmtent and scholarship thruout the course and having won most of the prizes offered by the school. The next year he did double work, taking the first year in philosophy in the University of Santo Tomas and studying agriculture in. the Ateneo. This latter course was also completed with highest honors but because h^ was not yet of the legal age his credentials as agricultural expert and surveyor were not issued until two years later. 11 Hig second, third and fourth years in the Manila university were in medicine and were combined with outside studies in painting, and sculpture, and interest in two societies established by the Jesuits, the Academy of Spanish Literature, of which he was president, and the Academy of Physical Sciences, in which he held the position of secretary. Modelling liad come from making masks, or false faces, from clay for which Jose used to go out to a cousins brick yard at San Pedro Macati, and when younger his play with wax in Kalamba had been to fashion rude birds. Drawings of men with arms like Xs on the margins ot his Abbe Sabatier, for which his mother had scolded him, had been followed by daubings in color. One festival day, when an important banner had been lost just before Bust, Rizal, by modelled of Padre Dr. Guerrico, one of his Ateneo instruc- received tors. medal t (1904) 12 It Exposition. the St. a gold Louis the procession in which it was to be used, young Rizal hastily painted a substitute that the dehghted municipal captain said was every bit as good as the original which had come from Manila. From a Spanish translation of the Latin Vulgate his mother had read to him the poetry of the Bible as well as the stories usually told to children and it s rich imagery had made an impression. Then she had encouraged his efforts at rhyming, which were inspired by the simple verses in Abbe Sabatiers Childrens Friend, and at eight a Tagalog comedy of his had een bought by the municipal captain of Paet for as much as a farm laborer earned in half a month. Verses to Magellan, to El Cano, on Education, a French ode, and a dozen other efforts had given practice and each was better than its predecessor. At eighteen competition held by the Liceo Artispoem Al Juventud Filipina (To the Filipino Youth) he won the special prize for imliaths in a tico Literario with the and mestizos. The next year the same lyceum in a contest in honor of Cervantes allowed Spaniards, mestizos and imUans ail to enter the same competition. The first prize for prose as awarded Jose Rizals Consejo de los dioses (Council of the Gods) and the jury gave it another special prize as the best critical appreciation of the author of Don Quixote. At the public meeting in the old Variadades theatre, Governor General Primo de Rivera presented to the young student the gold ring bearing a bust of Cervantes which had been won by him as one who had honored Spain in this distant land, to quote from the newspaper account. Everybody had expected this prize to be won by Friar Evaristo Arias, one of the most brilliant literary men the CFniversity of Santo Tomas had ever had on its faculty, nd there was astonishment and disappointment among his many friends who were present to applaud his triumph when the award of the jury and the opening of the envelopes reveafed the success of an unknown medical student. Naturally, as the Jesuits and Dominicans were rivals in school work, there was corresponding elation in the Ateneo and among its friends for, tho Rizal was a student 13 THE The use of the PRIZE FOR AL word Spain in JUVENTIJD FILIPINA the translation makes the meaninxi vnmistakable bid the reference ivas not obscure in the originoh Prosperity once for an era in th is land held reign. But now it groans beneath an iron yoke, Slowly expiring from a mortal stroke Ruthlessly dealt by the grim, nnpitying hand of Spain. And yet if it should now devoutly bend tlie knee At the shrine of Patriotism, might it still be free? Alas! In the sad future, for unnumbered days, AVill come the reckoning which man repays AVho, putting his own before his countrys gain, Finds in his own ensuing degradation, Slave of a cruel, harsh invading nation, His rewanl; in pestilential ars and endless pain. 14 Paciaiio encouraged him and so did Antonio Kivera, a distant cousin of bis mothers in whose house he had I5een living and to whose beautiful daughter, a few years younger than himself, be was engaged. Nor did his old professors in the Ateneo, of whom he sought advice, try to dissuade him. So, on May 5, 1882, after he had been recalled by a cipher telegram from Kalamba, where he had been staying for a short visit, he embarked for Singapore on the mail steamer Salvadora and after the six days that the journey then took he transferred to a foreign passenger ship which carried him to Barcelona. There was quite a distinguished passenger list of returning officials and their families among whom Rizal figured, according to is passport, as J^se Mercado, a native of the district Paciano furnished the funds but as soon of Santa Cruz. as his father learned of Joses going he arranged to send him money regularly thru Antonio Rivera. This roundabout way was necessary as life would not have been pleasant for any provincial family known to have sent one of its sons abroad to be educated, especially fo r a family like the Mercados who were tenants on an estate which was part of the university endowment. From Barcelona Rizal quickly went to Madrid and contin^jed his double course in philosophy and letters and in medicine. Besides he found time for more lessons in rawing and painting, and studied languages under special teachers. In 1884 he received the degree of Licenciate in Medicine and the following year, on his twenty-fourth birthday, the like degree in Philosophy and in Letters, and with highest honors. On the voyage to Spain or just after arrival, Rizal wrote and sent back to a Manila Tagalog daily an article on love of native land, and he continued to write for the paper during the short time it lived. The Filipino students in Spain knew Rizal by reputation, many of them had bee a schoolmates of his, and they enthusiastically welcomed him, but in their gayety he took o part. He economized in everything else to have money to spend on books and his first purchases included Pic turesque America, Lives of the Presidents of the United States, The Anglo Saxons, The English ! ZALS SHIP ; m THE SUEZ CANAL [Photograph from IHs album) THE SONG OF THE WANDERER (Translation by Arthur P. Ferguson. ) Like to a leaf that is fallen and withered, Tossed by the tempest from pole unto pole, Thus roams the pilgrim abroad without purpose, Roams without love, without country or soul. Following anxiously treacherous fortune, Fortune which een as he grasps at it flees. Vain tho the hopps that his yearning is seeking Yet does the pilgrim embark on the seas Ever impelled by invisible power, Destined to roam from the East to the West, Oft he remembers the faces of loved ones, Dreams of the Day when he, too, was at rest. Chance may assign him a tomb on the desert. Grant him a final asylum of peace, Soon by the world and his country forgotten God rest his soul when his wanderings cease! Often the sorrowful pilgrim is envied. Circling the globe like a sea gull above; Little, ah, little they know that a void Saddens his soul by the absence of love. Home may the pilgrim return in the future, Back to his loved ones his footsteps he bends; Naught will he find but the snow and the ruins, Ashes of love and the tomb of his friends. Thou must seek other pasturcis, Stranger thou art in the land of thy birth, Others may sing of their love while rejoicing; Thou once again must retra verse the eartli. Pilgrim, begone! Pilgrim, begone! Nor return more hereafter, Dry are the tears that a while for you ran, Pilgrim, begone! and forget thy affliction. Loud Uughs the world at the sorrows of man. J8 Revolution and other indications that then, as he said later, the free peoples interested him most. The affectation and love of display of some of his countrymen disgusted him and at the same time convinced him of a theory he later declared in regard to race This same disgust, he reasoned, is felt toward the ostentatious new rich and the braggirt self-made man, only these when they come to their senses are no longer distinguishable from the rest of the world while the man of color must suffe r for the foolishness of his fellows. So he who by nature was little inclined to be self-conceited, boasting or loud came to be even more unaffected, simpler in dress and reposeful in manner as he tried to ake lymself as different as possible from a type he detested. Yet this was at no sacrifice of dignity but rather brought out more strongly his force of character. His many and close friendships with all who knew him, and that his most intimate friends were of the white race, (one of his Spanish jailers even asked to be relieved of his charge because the association was making him too prejudice. fond of his prisoner) seem to show that Dr. Rizals theory was right. One day, after an association aimed to help the Philippines had gone to pieces because no one seemed willing to do anything unless he were sure of all the glory, some f the students met in an effort to revive if. The effort was not successful and then Rizal proposed all joinino- in a book, illustrated by Filipino artists, to tell Spain about the real Philippines. The plan was enthusiastically received but tho there was eagerness to write about, the The Pilipina Woman the other subjects were neglected. Rizal was disappointed and dropped the Then he came across, in a second-hand booka French copy of The Wandering Jew and bought it to get practice in reading the language. The book affected him powerfully and he realized what an aid to the Philippines such a way of revealing its wrongs ould be, but he dreaded the appearance of self-conceit in announcing that he was going to write a book like subject. store, Eugene Sues. idea of writing So he said nothing to any one, yet the NoU Me Tangere was constantly in his 19 mind from the night in January of 1884 when he finished the French novel. During his stay in Madrid, Dr. Rizal waa made a freemason in Acacia Lodge No. 9 of the Gran Oriente de Espaiia at whose head was then Manuel Becerra, later Minister of Ultramar, or Colonies. Among the persons with whom he thus became acquainted were Manuel Ruiz Zorilla, Praxedes M. Sagasta, Emilio Castelar and Victor HowBalaguer, all prominent in the politics of Spain. ever slight the association, it came in the formative period of the young students life and turned his thoughts into He no longer constructive lines rather than destructive. thought only of getting rid of Spanish sovereignty but began to question what sort of a government was to reAt Barcelona he had seen the monument of place it. General Prim whose motto had been More liberal today than yesterday, more liberal tomorrow than today yet he knew how opposed the Spanish patriot had been to a Spanish republic because Spaniards were not prepared for it. So he resolved to prepare the Filipinos and the compaign of education which he saw being waged by Spaniards in Spain Rizal thought would be no more unpatriotic or anti-Spanish if carried on by a Filipino for the Philippines. Already he had become convinced of one political truth which was to separate him from other leaders of his countrymen, that the condition of the common people and not the form of, Uie government is - the all-important thing. From Madrid, after a short trip thru the more backward provinces because these were the country regions of Spain and so more fairly to be compared with the Philippines, Dr. Rizal in 1885 went to Paris and continued his medical studies under an eye specialist. Association with artists and seeing the treasures of the citys rich galleries also assisted in his art education. For the political part Masonry again was responsible. The Grand Orient of France was not recognized by the Spanish Masonry of which Rizal was a member but held relations with a rival organization over which Frof. MiMoray ta presided. So in Rue Cadet 16 he was initiated into this irregular body which had been responsible for the French Revolution and, because it did not re- guel 20 Dr. Rizals Library hown here makes the Of the open volumes first is in German, next Sites ^Wan- Attother small case with those half reinaining of his books. Goethe s Wilhelni Meisttr and the third a The Lives of the rlering Jew edit ion # of finely illustrated Spanish Presidents of the United St a ( EXPEDIENTK (7 ^? rother knew of the insurrection, tho the use of the thumbscrews and hanging him by the arms ha d taken place in Manila just after Dr. Rizal had sailed for Spain. In those days a prisoner was compelled to testify against himself, and the Doctor answered very frankly except Avhere othesrs ere concerned. The use of symbolic names among his Masonic acquaintances made jt possible for him to say in many cases that he did not know any one of such a name. At other times his memory was made the excuse for not caring to answer, but where it concerned himself there were no subterfuges. The man whose word was so sacred to him that he would not take any of the many chances to escape offered during his years in banishment disdained any attempt at deception. *^ He had said that his conscience was clear and in his trial he seemed only anxious that his real position shall be understood. In act he asked permission to address a proclamation to the rebels in the field who had been deceived into insurrection by the fraudulent use of his name, and when it was read by the prosecutor that zealous of ficial added it as him only -by another proof of disloyalty. It urged that tbey disband now, for they were unfitted for independence and should first educate and fit themselves before they attempted to There was no cringing or denying separate from Spain. Riof responsibility but neither was there any bravado. zals additions to his defense were as clearly reasoned and dispassionate as tho he were debating with a friend nd not on trial for his life. No time was lost in convicting him nor in confirming the military courts decision but he was sentenced to be shot on December 30, 1896. Just after Rizal became aware of his sentence to death but before bis transfer to the chapel he wrote the poem now f amors as The Final Farewell. It was copied on a small sheet of notepaper, folded lengthwise into a narrow strip and then doubled and wedged inside the tank of a little alcohol lamp on which his cooking in the cell had been done. At the farewell to his sister Trinidad while in the chapel he said: I have nothing to give you as a ouvenir except the cooking lamp Mrs. Tavera gave me and then so the guard might not while I was ii^ Paris understand he said in a low tone, in English, There is something inside. The lamp was taken with his other belongings from the fort and it was not until the night of the second day after his death that it was deemed safe to investigate. Then when the verses were found they were immediately copied and the copy without comment mailed to Hong Kong. There they were published. But Rizal had time to polish the poetry a little and thru another channel safely sent the revised poem so the morning after his death opies of it were found on the desks of prominent Filipino sympathizers. He had been a prisoner in Fort Santiago, at first incomanicado in one of the dungeons and later in a cell on the ground floor. After his sentence he was removed to the fort chapel with troops on guard in the courtyard in The military chaplains offered services which fr ont of it. My own Of all of My own idolized Native Country, my sorrows the saddest, Philippines, Hear now my my beloved! adieu, ray last farewell! 40 Behold My all for parents, thee my I am leaving, friends long beloved! I go where no slaves are in bondage, No hangman, nor cruel oppressor, Where faith does not justify murder, And God is the Ruler Eternal. Adieu, Oh my parents and brothers, As part of my soul here remaining, Ye friends of the years of my childhood, And of the dear home lost forever! Give thanks unto God, that already I rest from the days toil and trouble. Farewell unto thee, gentle stranger, My friend Farewell, Oh weep and all my joy thou wert ever! ye beings beloved! not, for death *L is but resting! he courteously declined but later Jesuits came, from iiia old school, whom he warmly welcomed. These brought a ittle wooden image of the Sacred Heart which as a schoolboy he had carved with a penknife during playtime and had put up inside the door in the dormitory. Duri ng all the tweTity years it had stayed in the same place for Rizal was not only the favorite of his fellows as a student but had remained the hero of the Ateneo boys up to that time. The recollection of his happy school days brought up memories of when for his exemplary conduct he had been a leader in the Marian Congregation, and of the verses he had written in honor of the Virgin. A retraction was required by the Archbishop before he ould receive the consolations of his religion and several forms were proposed. Practically every victim of political persecution had left a retraction couched in such language that its spontaneousness was always questioned. The one dictated for Rizal was no exception and the Jesuits knew he would never sign it so they substituted a form of their own, giving what was essential for reconciliation with the Church and worded in a way that would not recall the differences Rizal had had with some of its minis- With its ideas the prisoner was satisfied but he very reasonably argued that unless in his style no one ould believe that he had changed the habit of a lifetime in its last moments. To this request the Jesuits say they agreed and the retraction was re- worded by him. Unfortunately the original has been lost and that it was ever made was disputed, at the time it was first pubNo one of his family was permitted to see it. lished. Nevertheless the attending circumstances all argue in Strongest of all is the favor of its having been made. testimony of the Jesuits who were not mixed up in the politics of that time when church and state were so interwoven that it was argued that no one could be a good Catholic who was not a good Spaniard. Two copies, differing only in phraseology, have been published. Of these the one telegraphed to Madrid and published in El Imparcial on December 31st, 1896, seems to be more Rizals style and is free from those for- ters. 4;i mal church terms which he would have been likely to nothing he could not have sfgned in when he was expressing his religious views to Dapitan Father Pastells. But th^n a political recantation as well as a religious reconciliation was desired. avoid. Tliere The is in it retraction reads: I want to live and I declare rayself a Catholic. I retract with all my heart whatdie as a Catholic. ver I have said or written or done against the Church and our Lord Jesus Christ. I give up Masonry which is an enemy of the Church. The head of the diocese may publish this retrac tion, which I make of my own accord, to repair as as may be possible the scandal caused by May all men forgive writings and by my acts. for the injury which I have caused to many. far my me After his con fession Dr. Eizal was married to Josephine Bracken, the adopted daughter of a Hong Kong retired engineer who had come to Dapitan to see if there was any cure for his lost sight. Rizal had fallen in love with he girl, who was ten years younger than himself, and had asked her to stay in Dapitan until they could be married but tho authorized by law there was no provision in the Philippines fqr civil marriage and so there was no chance for the ceremony until this reconciliation with His wife, the daughter of an Irish sergeant the church. in the British army in India and, to judge by her features, an Indian mother, was also of his faith. The belief that Mrs. Rizal was an Eurasian is^ borne out by the fact that she was educated in the Italian convent of Hong Kong which has so many of that mixed Her adopted mother, Mrs. Taufer, from whom blood. she took her middle name of Leopoldine, was Portuguese, and thru her knowledge of that language she found Spanish easy to learn. If she had not known Rizal personally she at least ticing medicine in knew of him while Jje was prac- Hong Kong. It was now morning and after a short interval the march to the place of execution, on the Luneta, was begun, on foot and with a heavy escort of soldiers. 44 In the same place where the three priests had been 1872 and where his very- very-great-grandfather had his rice store, two centuries back, beside a bastion of the same name he had given to Kalamba in the novel or which he was dying, Jose Rizal with a pulse that beat as naturally as ever was shot by Filipino soldiers behind whom stood Spanish soldiers to see the order was unhesitatingly obeyed. The request that he might not be shot from the back because he was neither traitor to Spain nor to his own country was refused. A powerful effort of the will in falling led the victim to turn himself so as to fall with his face to the sky. So the Spanish soldiers saw hira as they filed past his dead body and the cheers for Spain and the triumphal music of the band as it played the March of Cadiz did not prevent a feeling of admiration for the brave man. Spains was a brief triumph, for tho the first killed in anniversary of his death was celebrated by desecrating his grave, the second found it decorated, and each sue ceeding year has seen an increased importance given* to the day which has become the great holiday of the Philippines. The martyrs body was put in an unmarked grave in Paco cemetery but a way was found to have a small marble stone, bearing his initials in reversed order, dropped in with the un coffined remains Within less than two years, on the first day of American occupation, the body was raised for a more decent interment and tbe marble slab rests under a cross bearing nly the date Dec. 30, 1896. The ashes have since been put in an urn of Philippine woods carved by the skillful hands of Dr. Rizals instructor in carving, and will be finally deposited in what will be by far the finest of Manilas monuments, the P100,000 memorial which is to mark the place where he gave his life for his country. His widow joined the insur gents at Cavite, and later returned to Manila and then to Hong Kong where in 1898 she was married to a Filipine ^tudent from Cebu. She taught in the public schools of Manila in 1901, and in the following year died in Hong Kong and is buried there in Rizals Execution. (Courtesy of Mr. 46 Dantas) the Catholic part of Happy Valley cemetery beside the monuirjent of her adopted father, George Taufer, the blind man, who was an American. him but a year, but his and not long ago refused a proffered pension from the Assembly with the statement that she did not believe in paid patriotism and was content that her son had done his duty. Of the numerous Rizal relatives there seem to be none in politics but all are industrious and seeking to bring Dr. Rizals fatlier survived mother still lives about the independence of their country in the way their istinguished kinsman recommended, working to increase its wealth and availing themselves of every opportunity for education. A new province bears Doctor Rizals name, his picture appears upon the most generally used values of postage stamps and paper money, every town in the Philippines has its Rizal Street or Rizal Square, Manila has a flourshing Rizal University, a Rizal Ateneo and a Rizal Busine ss College, and his birthday is getting to be observed as well as the day of his death, but Filipinos are forget- I ;* B -i I f t f Former Grave of Dr. 47 Risl i