Financial Crisis And Economic Meltdown - 1527 Words

Concerns about the compensation of executive officers and other top executives of American public companies have reached fever pitch since the financial crisis and economic meltdown recently. Some observers blame the recent recession in part on the unsound compensation arrangements for the top management of major financial institutions. For almost 20 years, a growing reprise of voices—including some shareholders, the business media, policymakers, and academics—have been criticizing the way top managers are paid. The criticisms focus particularly on CEOs not only because they are the highest paid, but also because their compensation sets the pattern for executives beneath them. Flawed compensation arrangements have not been limited to a†¦show more content†¦Immense salary imbalances between CEOs and the people who work for them can send bad feelings throughout an organization, weakening loyalty and eroding the talent syndicate. Year in and year out, the same cus tom is played out in the business press; compensation figures for the highest paid chief executives elicit predictable talks about overpayment. Although economists have found that many CEOs are worth every nickel they get, social scientists are looking more closely at the psychological effects of executive pay on corporate life. One standout associate; Charles O Reilly, director of Stanford GSB s Center for Leadership Development and Research who has conducted a series of studies that try to explain CEO compensation, ranging from how corporate boards decide upon salaries to how social status figures in setting executive pay. One of O Reilly s latest papers examines how chief executive salaries affect employees. The study found that inequity in CEO pay triggers increased turnover among managers below the chief executive. Using data from 120 large public companies over a five-year period, O Reilly found, for example, that in one firm

The University Of Texas At Austin s Student Affairs...

rate in the previous year; falling in line with the divisions mission and vision. In addition, the department developed and presented housing and food service presentations to 12,000 students. This program allows to division to meets its mission of providing educational opportunities to students. The division also reaches across the aisle to other departments and host the Longhorn Neighborhood resource fair alongside 23 other divisions. These are a few examples of how the University of Texas at Austin’s student affairs department supports its students by providing the best innovative programs and services. As for the departments vision, the university has lunched HornLink, an online student portal that is geared towards uniting students with student organizations. Through Texas Parents, the department also host six family orientation sessions per year and three inaugural transfer sessions to welcome new families. The Office of the Dean of Students â€Å"engages beyond the classroom to enrich learning through leadership training and by supporting the membership of 1,300 student organizations† (Website). This office also provides legal services for students, conduct, emergency, research, veteran, and other support. Through RecSports, U.T.AA promotes physical fitness, balanced behaviors, and healthy habits. The university offers a total of eight outdoor and indoor recreation facilities and six program areas. The Center for Students in Recovery provides support to students who areShow MoreRelatedService Members’ Transition to Community College Essay2556 Words   |  11 PagesIntroduction As demographics of college and university students in the United States evolve, so too must the policies and procedures used to assist students in their pursuit of post-secondary education (Radford, 2009). By the passage of educational acts such as the Servicemen’s Readjustment Act of 1944 (Public Law 78-346), the 1985 Montgomery GI Bill (Public Law 110-252), and now the Post 9/11 GI Bill (Public Law 100-48), institutions of higher education have committed themselves not only to educateRead Moretexas constution11227 Words   |  45 Pages Texas Politics - The Constitution go back 1. Introduction 1.1 Looking Ahead 2. Constitutions in Texas History 2.1 The State of Coahuila y Tejas, Estados Unidos Mexicanos 2.2 The Republic of Texas 2.3 The State Constitution of 1845 2.4 The Confederate Constitution of 1861 2.5 The Constitution of 1866 2.6 The Radical Republican Constitution of 1869 2.7 The Draft Constitution of 1874 and the Convention of 1875 3. The Texas Constitution Today 3.1 State Constitutions Read MoreImproving the Lives of HIV Positive People7695 Words   |  31 Pagesname. The Pedro Zamora Public Policy Fellowship is an excellent opportunity for young professionals, undergraduate and graduate students who seek experience in HIV related public policy and government WASHINGTON, DC affairs. Based in the Johns Hopkins Bernstein Office Building, located at 1717 Massachusetts Avenue, NW, the Aitchison Fellowship Program allows JHU students to Take three academic course taught by Johns Hopkins Faculty, attend lectures and symposiums by elected officials, political consultantsRead MoreLife For Homosexuals : Is It A Choice?2259 Words   |  10 PagesHomosexuality isn’t a choice; nonetheless, it’s a choice to act on it. Whether you choose to act on it or not you still aren’t treated equally. Students in school are being bullied, adults in their workplace are treated differently. All their lives homosexuals have never been treated the same. Being ridiculed and afraid to be who you are isn’t how anyone should live. Americans lash out against everything they don’t like or understand; however, times have changed, America is evolving and we areRead More1234567897581 Words   |  31 PagesAdministration University of Montana Missoula, MT 59812 (406) 243-2920; (406) 243-2086 (fax) Jakki.Mohr@business.umt.edu http://www.business.umt.edu/faculty/mohr/ EDUCATION Ph.D. 1989 University of Wisconsin-Madison Marketing (Emphasis in Organizational Sociology) M.S. 1983 Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado Marketing B.B.A. 1982 Boise State University, Boise, Idaho ACADEMIC EMPLOYMENT 2002 to present Professor of Marketing, University of Montana-Missoula Read MoreImpacts of Information Technology on Individuals, Organizations and Societies21097 Words   |  85 Pagesfight against Internet movie piracy in 2005 and 2006. The film industry’s trade organization, the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA), slapped hundreds of people with lawsuits for illegally downloading and trading films online. The U.S. departments of Justice and Homeland Security shut down Elite Torrents, a popular Web site that spread copies of Star Wars: Episode III— Revenge of the Sith before the movie officially opened. Even Bram Cohen, creator of BitTorrent (a peer-to-peer file-sharingRead MoreEasay7165 Words   |  29 Pagessolutions. | Discussion Questions: 1. Write a computer usage policy for your school or workplace incorporating the moral and ethical guidelines discussed in this chapter. 2. Briefly describe your Internet Service Provider s e-mail usage policy. If you are on campus, your school should have a usage policy. 3. Describe how your quality of life has improved or declined with the technological advances in the last five years. 4. How do you think our government shouldRead MoreSouthwest Airlines Strategic Analysis9610 Words   |  39 PagesPractices (in Thompson, A. A., Strickland. A. J. and Gamble, J. (2005) Crafting and Executing Strategy (Fourteenth Edition), McGraw-Hill, New York, pages C-636– C-664). Tasks The case study, prepared by Arthur A. Thompson, University of Alabama, and John E. Gamble, University of South Alabama, focuses on the rise to business prominence of Southwest Airlines, a regional airline with a low-cost no-frills approach. Based on the case study, and on online and offline research into Southwest Airline’sRead MoreEthical Hacking8365 Words   |  34 PagesPREHISTORY Hacking has been around for more than a century. In the 1870s, several teenagers were flung off the countrys brand new phone system by enraged authorities. Heres a peek at how busy hackers have been in the past 35 years. Early 1960s University facilities with huge mainframe computers, like MITs artificial intelligence lab,  become staging grounds for hackers. At first, hacker was a positive term for a person with a mastery of computers who could push programs beyond what they were designedRead MoreNursing Essay41677 Words   |  167 Pagesappropriate balance. This study was supported by Contract No. 65815 between the National Academy of Sciences and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of the organizations or agencies that provided support for this project. International Standard Book Number 0-309-XXXXX-X (Book) International Standard Book Number 0-309- XXXXX -X (PDF) Library of Congress Control

Creative product promotion free essay sample

In this task I will be explaining the role of advertising agencies in the development of a successful promotional campaign; however I will also be looking closely at what type of media they have been using to make adverts for the X-box one. Microsoft will have two ways of doing their promotional activities, such as outsourcing and in-housing. If Microsoft want to success better they will have to choose to outsource which means that they will have to give their promotional work to an advertising agency in order to assist them. What are agencies – An advertising agency is a service provider that works for companies to create a successful and goal oriented advertising campaign aimed to represent the company positively in the eyes of its target market. Advertising agencies help clients to make an attention grabbing, persuasive and unique ad campaign that makes the brand stand out in the thoughts of customers. We will write a custom essay sample on Creative product promotion or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The first thing that the advertising agency will do is to identify Microsoft’s goals, target audience and product. By knowing this information it will help them with planning and creating an effective advert. Roles of the advertising agency – The role of an advertising agency is work alongside clients to serve a major of developing, enhancing the image, and supporting a brand in the market. The view of a brand by the consumer is a high importance in its acceptance and longevity. This will place a large amount of responsibility on the advertising agency creating it, through consumer perception and understanding, in the way that grants it acceptance and growth. The change of a product into a brand is an ongoing one and the advertising agency plays a major role in leading the change, this is achieved by communicating the brands own identity and making the consumer aware what the brand has to offer. Advantages and disadvantages of using an advertising agency – Advantages – There is access to wider market studies/ research- subscribed to market data providers Greater awareness of trends; for example social, technological and fashion Better able to come up with new ideas- experience of working in other markets Wide range of experts and specialists- team members a specifically picked to meet the needs of the products Greater purchasing power- able to buy media space in bulk Disadvantages Cost – hiring an advertising agency is extremely expensive Time – it takes a long time for planning and production and to get permission to release the adverts No experience in that market- the agency may not have experience in advertising products like that Conclusion- In conclusion I have explained the role of advertising agencies in the development of a successful promotional campaign and I also spoke about the advantages and disadvantages of using an advertising agency.

Was The Articles Of Confederation An Efficent Form Of Government Essa

Was The Articles Of Confederation An Efficent Form Of Government? The articles of confederation were a somewhat effective form of governmnt for the newly founded united states. It was ineffective in many ways but it did however provide for successfull distrubution of newly accouired lands that are still in use today.. One of the main reasons the Articles of Confederation were ineffective was because for congress to pass any bill it had to have a unamoius vote. This was nearly impossible due to bickering amoung the states. The Articles of Confederation also did not effectivly provide representation of each of the states. Each state was alotted on erepresentatie for congress. This method did not acccuratly represent the United States population, larger states were being under represented. The Articles of confederation did not also provide for a national army. This caused amny problems.. The newly founded United States could not remove British troups from American soil. The British refused to leave the posts in america dispite many requests and letters such a John Jay's(Doc D). Each state did however have it's own militia, but these militia's wre empathatic to the american causes.The articles of confederation did not also provide for a national money sysytem. Each colony had it's own money. Trading between colonies was very difficult because of this. Trading with foriegn countries was even more difficult, foriegn merchants had trouble accepting the colonies money and in deciding wich colony to trade with. Another major flaw in the Articles of Confederation was that they did not allow the national government to tax. For the government to recieve and funds it had to ask the state governments to donante money to the national level. The state governments however, did not always give the amount requested by the national government. This left the congress unable to repay the soilders who fought during the revolutiom (Doc. C) The articles of confederation did however effectivly set up a system for alotting new lands to the government. This system is still in effect to this day. In conclusion the Articles of Confederation were a mostly faulty form of government but they did however have some good points. They were adopted by a fearful country and did not effectivly govern. American History

Recent death row adverts Essays

Recent death row adverts Essays Recent death row adverts Essay Recent death row adverts Essay Essay Topic: Recent Discuss the controversial nature of Benettonss advertising campaigns, paying close attention to the Benetton Baby and the David Kirby images, and also the recent death row adverts. I have been asked to write and essay on the controversial acts of Benetton the advertising company. In my essay it will give both for and against arguments and how the agency has created cause for concern in the advertising world. My essay will also have details of how other advertising companies advertise their products different to Benetton. I will be looking practically at three certain Benetton advertisements.These are en-titled separately, Benetton Baby, this portrays a photo of a newly born baby trailing her uncut umbilical cord this caused exceptional controversy. David Kirby the image of a man dying of AIDS, surrounded by his family Sentenced to death Photographs of death row inmates. They were shown posing in their prison dress and resembling victims themselves. The inmates faces also featured in magazines and billboards all over the world. These where all produced by an Italian photographer, Olivero Toscani. Olivero Toscani was born in Milan and today lives in Tuscany, with his wife and three Children.He studied photography at Kunstgewerbeschule in Zurich 1961 to 1965 and his work began featuring in fashion magazines then. His photos have appeared in all major international magazines, such as Elle, Vogue, Vogue for Men, Lei, Donna, GQ, Mademoiselle, and Harpers. All three advertisements have been accused of being controversial, to have been the beginning of large disagreements. Although many people approve others dont, they find them alarming and unpleasant. Benetton is a large Italian clothing company, with many high street stores across Europe.The company began the controversial campaign in the late 1980s using shock tactics to promote their company. The campaign began in 1980. The advertisements I am analysing where published in 1990. The campaign altogether lasted ten years. All companies, large and small, use advertisements to promote their company, to encourage people to use/buy from their company. The companys main aim by producing the adverts is to encourage sales therefore increasing profit. Advertisements are designed to be noticed and manipulate people in to believing a false impression.Perfect people are used as role models for what the advertiser wishes people in the target audience to think they want to be like. An Advertisement that is targeting a 30-year olds to middle age people, for instance, will show thin, attractive, young models using the product they wish to sell. Advertisements often create an emotional atmosphere that draws you into the advertisement and makes you feel good. The McDonalds advert featuring father and daughter together reach out and Touch Someone. Products that make us feel good mostly attract us. Many product Advertisements show their products in life-like fashion, doing incredible things.Music and other sound effects add to the excitement of Advertisements. Either way, they help set the mood advertisers want. Celebrities are often featured. Ian Write sells Nescafe Billy Connelly sells The Lottery Michel Jackson sells Pepsi. All of these are ways of helping people identify with products. Sports heroes, movie stars, and teenage heartthrobs tell us what to eat and what to wear. We listen, not realizing that the star is paid handsomely for the endorsement. Logos slogans and word play all help take in the audience wich are then cleverly placed in magazines, billboards, newspapers etc.This is typical advertising it gives the impression we can look as good as the models if we choose that brand. Benetton, however use different advertising tactics. Benetton has become one of the worlds most recognised clothing brands since the late Eighties, mainly as a result of an outstanding and often controversial advertising campaign, which sometimes seems to have small relevance to the clothes it signifys. Instead Benettons advertising is primarily the worldview of Luciano Benetton, a leading member of the prosperous family. Benetton has turned controversy into a spectacularly successful marketing strategy.The United Colours of Benetton campaigns played on themes of racial harmony, and helped convert the firm into a powerful global brand. But sales really rocketed when the advertisements took on other social issues they where said to be intentionally provocative. The Economist reports in 1990 sales rose by 25% to 2 trillion lire ($1. 7 billion); in 1991 they are thought to have increased 15%. Toscanis partnership with Benetton began in 1982. The expansion of Benettons international company image was one of Toscanis most important assignments. It has won him many awards, including the Grand Prix dAffichage. In 1989, he won the Lion dOr at the Cannes Festival for the television spot directed by him. Advertising is the richest and most powerful form of communication in the world. We need to have images that will make people think and discuss. Toscani on advertising Toscani believes that his rival ad agencies create a false reality and want people to believe in it. He said, We show reality and we are criticized for it. Toscani believes Benettons advertisements are wrongly disapproved of. Benetton uses images that individuals may witness on the news in papers etc.But when you take the same photo out of the news and put a Benetton logo on it, people pause and reflect on their position on the problem. When they cant come to terms with it, they get mad at us. Toscani indicates the publics narrow mind and again gives a legitimate motive for his work, and places public debate in the wrong. Tocani likes to see his advertising as a type of journalism. He considers that he should be liberated to demonstrate whatsoever he desires, he believes harsh reality should not be limited to the news, news papers or documentaries on the television.I will now be referring to two of Toscanis two most controversial images I will explain the ef fects they had on the general pubic also I will clarify my own views. Toscani decided to shy away from the everyday advertisements as he feels they cause a large amount of physiological harm to members the public. a lot of insecurities are caused by the stereotypes in those images, and advertising is very influential in the education of our young. Here is claiming that he believes that illnesses like anorexia and body dimorphic disorder are the results to manipulative advertising.

How to Conjugate Prêter (to Loan) in French

How to Conjugate Prà ªter (to Loan) in French The French verb  prà ªter  means to loan. When you want to change it to loaned or will loan, a verb conjugation is required. The good news is that this is a regular verb, so conjugating it is relatively easy compared to others. A quick lesson will introduce you to the essential forms of  prà ªter  youll need. The Basic Conjugations of  Prà ªter Prà ªter is a regular -er verb, so it falls into the largest category of verbs found in the French language. If youve already committed words like rester (to remain) or utiliser (to use) to memory, you can apply the same rules to this verb. With any conjugation, start by finding the verb stem (or radical). For  prà ªter, this is  prà ªt-. To this, a variety of endings are added to match both the tense of the sentence as well as the subject pronoun. For example, in the indicative mood,  je prà ªte  means I am loaning and  nous prà ªtions  means we loaned. Present Future Imperfect je prte prterai prtais tu prtes prteras prtais il prte prtera prtait nous prtons prterons prtions vous prtez prterez prtiez ils prtent prteront prtaient The Present Participle of  Prà ªter The  present participle  is easy to form as well. An -ant  ending is added to the stem of  prà ªter  to create the word  prà ªtant. Prà ªter  in the Compound Past Tense For the past tense, you can use the imperfect or the  passà © composà ©. The latter is a compound and requires you to use the  past participle  prà ªtà ©. First, however, you must conjugate the auxiliary verb  avoir  into the present tense. Its actually quite easy. I loaned is  jai prà ªtà ©Ã‚  and we loaned is  nous avons prà ªtà ©. More Simple Conjugations of  Prà ªter The forms of  prà ªter  above should be your top priority, but there may be times when youll need to use the verb in more subjective terms. For instance,  the subjunctive  calls the act of loaning into question while  the conditional  implies that its dependent on something else. The passà © simple  and  the imperfect subjunctive  are used less frequently. Youll likely only encounter them in formal French writing as they are both literary tenses. Subjunctive Conditional Pass Simple Imperfect Subjunctive je prte prterais prtai prtasse tu prtes prterais prtas prtasses il prte prterait prta prtt nous prtions prterions prtmes prtassions vous prtiez prteriez prttes prtassiez ils prtent prteraient prtrent prtassent The French imperative  may not be as useful for a word like  prà ªter, but its good to know anyway. The important rule here is that you dont need the subject pronoun: use  prà ªte  rather than  tu prà ªte. Imperative (tu) prte (nous) prtons (vous) prtez

Screening response Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Screening response - Movie Review Example African men were not regarded good enough to have associations with white women. It is only Lago who degrades Othello and starts gossips about Desmond’s affairs with Cassio. However, even though Lago was the only white man to complain about this, he represented a vast majority of the white population. Lago, signifying all other white people, had no trouble portraying Othello, who represented a vast majority of African Americans, as a lustful person (Berardinelli 1). Another case of racism is where Brabantio is persuaded that Othello must have used magic to entice Desdemona as there was no other way that a white girl would settle at marrying an African American. Finally, the most significant or saddest aspect of racism, in the film, is that of Othello himself (Berardinelli 1). What Lago does is cunningly take advantage of Othello’s insecurities (Berardinelli 1). Othello might believe Lago’s stories since deep down his heart Othello doubts Desdemona’s loyalty and love. Such a film is extremely educational, and its further view is

Religion, Rationality, and Violence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Religion, Rationality, and Violence - Essay Example According to research findings, religious violence or terrorism is a modern socio-political syndrome arising from the far-fetched religious thinking. This has vividly projected cosmic images of war. Religions have sought the restoration of order by the affirmation of life through the violence of cosmic war. Many schools of thought have held the maxim that for religion to do more good than harm in our society, then religion has to dress up the armor of temper of rationality and fair play that Enlightenment values gives to society. Religion qua religion is inherently violent; the Enlightenment must redeem it. Harrison, Everett F., ed. (1960) Christianity for example, has been known to have harbored the worst violent legacy the stretches back into the black age. Questions being pondered are whether Christianity should get the Enlightenment redress. The exposition of a religious Hitler can be depicted in most fanatical scenario’s perpetrated around the globe the most lunatical believers. Mother Teresa, with all her shortcomings, is a typical embodiment of what modern Christianity is contrary portraying. Harris, Harriet A. (2004). Religion Islam has been demonised as a rhetorical device, to try to persuade fundamentalist Christians. Harris brings out comparisons with the "terrorists" that Christian's are so afraid of. In so doing, Harris paints all of Islam with a rather broad brush and makes some serious errors of cause and effect. For example, he contends that Middle East terrorism is indeed because of religion and repeats the old propaganda about virgins in paradise, while completely ignoring class issues, imperialism, occupation and invasion, poverty, desperation, and political manipulation by Arab states for entirely secular reasons. Barthel, Manfred and Mark Howson, trans. (1982). The only evidence he offers in favor of his thesis is that the World Trade Center hijackers were middle-class and hadn't experienced political repression, a contention that he doesn't bother to defend and that also doesn't support generalization from al-Qaeda to all of Islam or even all of Islamic terrorism. He's way too eager to use a current political bogeyman to support a different argument and in so doing falls into the sloppy and simplistic reasoning that he's criticized through the rest of the book. Harrison, Jane. (1996) Harris does a good job pointing out the reasons why atheists find fundamentalist Christianity so absurd. The sections on Biblical inerrancy and on the Bible as a moral force are particularly good, although if one hasn't already realized that the Biblical text cannot support its supposed moral lessons without a great deal of strain and selective reading, I don't think Harris will convince. And that raises the strategic problem: Harris is preaching to the choir, will make those who already believe what he believes feel better about their beliefs, and is unlikely to make much impact with his supposed target audience. First, the basic argument over religion faces a communication gap before it ever reaches the level of argument and analysis. People don't tend to seek out polemics against their closely held beliefs unless they're just looking for reasons to get angry or ways to undermine an argument. Harris says that he's writing this book to provide ammunition, but while that ammunition can turn away or argue down evangelicals who are trying to convert an atheist, I doubt it ever does much to convince them their belief is wrong. Second, I think Harris misses, or at least fails to address, the basic reasons why people believe. His target is religious faith, but he's attacking it in the way that one would attack a scientific theory. Religious faith is not, in

Lady Macbeth Essay Example for Free

Lady Macbeth Essay The tragic downfall of Shakespeare’s Macbeth can be attributed to his forceful ambition which leads him to commit terrible deeds, selfish greed and weakness that allows him to be easily manipulated. These influencing factors are nourished and encouraged by the three witches and the deceitful Lady Macbeth. Macbeth’s actions of murdering innocent children and women and his damning act of genocide show that he is primarily responsible for his own demise. Macbeths ‘ambition which overleaps itself’ leads him to commit heinous crimes that show his depravity and ultimately leads to his downfall. Macbeth lets his ‘ambition’ rule him and his decisions; his ambition comes before everything else. When he hears that Malcolm will be crowned prince of Cumberland he says ‘that is a step which I must fall down or else o’er leap, for in my way it lies’ this suggests that it is just a stepping stone on the way for him to become king. This ambition leads him to kill king Duncan without any real reason ‘I have no spur to prick the sides of my intent, but only Vaulting ambition’ and this act of genocide results in a downward spiral to his ruin. Macbeth’s selfishness causes him to be demanding with the witch’s supernatural powers and his own authority, when his greed for knowledge leads him to tell the witches to ‘stay you imperfect speakers, tell me more. ’ And demand them to speak to him a second time ‘speak I charge you’. The power that he has ‘played most foully for’ allows him to do what he wants as he thinks of it stating ‘the very firstlings of my heart shall be the very firstlings of my hand’. Once Macbeth realises he will be ‘king hereafter ‘ he wants nothing more than to kill king Duncan revealing in a soliloquy ‘stars hide your fires, do not let light see my dark and seep desires’. Once Macbeth gains power he will cease at nothing to guard it, he cannot stop his greed, and he is so caught up in his own selfishness that he does not even mourn his own wife. When he hears of her death he states ‘she should have died hereafter’. It is this selfishness that leads him to kill and leaves him with nothing to live for, becoming ‘the walking shadow’ that gives him the consequence of his ultimate downfall. Macbeths weakness in character causes him to be easily controlled and egged on by Lady Macbeth. He does not have the strength to resist against Lady Macbeths attacks on his manliness ‘when you said you will kill him then you were a man’ and her ockingly asking ‘art thou afeard? ’ as a result; Lady Macbeth influences Macbeth about the murder as well as scolding him. For instance, after she calls him a coward and compares him with herself in a humiliating manner, Macbeth decides to commit the dreadful murder. This shows his weakness in character, because his mind is conflicted; yet, his decisions, which result in a great tragedy, are his own but are heavily influenced by his scheming wife. At the end of the play, the moral weaknesses of Macbeth are totally revealed along with his mental weaknesses. He is no more the worthy warrior of battle fields. Indeed, he is a paranoid king who copes with guilty hallucinations and tries to secure himself by killing innocent people. For example, in the banquet scene, he sees the ghost of Banquo whose death was ordered by Macbeth and the guests start to suspect his mental health and talk unpleasantly of him. This character flaw of Macbeth makes his manifesting downfall even more tragic. In sum it is Macbeths overriding ambition that rules him and allows him to think of nothing else, selfishness and weak character allows him to be played like a pawn by Lady Macbeth and shows that he is his own enemy with character traits that are taken to the limit and exploited until he became nothing but a shell of his previous self. If Macbeth did not have such domineering traits he would not have met the same fate of eternal damnation that he did.

Urban Legend of Photos of Hikers on the Appalachian Trail :: Urban Legends

Lost Among the Leaves: Secret Photos of Hikers on the Appalachian Trail This story, which I have named â€Å"Lost in the Leaves†, is a very detailed and place specific version of the unexplained photographs legends. While unexplained photograph legends often involve humorous pictures taken as a practical joke, there is also a darker streak of these legends. These are legends where mysterious photographs reveal just how near a person was to death through photographs developed after the fact. The fear in these is of what could have happened. In this version however, the photographs serve to warn the endangered as well. This urban legend thus allows other interpretations for why the photographs were taken, and shown to the endangered party. I collected this urban legend from a Freshman here at the University. It was told to him as a scary story when he was hiking along the Appalachian trail, about five years ago. Have you ever been on the Appalachian Trail? OK. The man who proposed it had a utopian vision of a long, tenuous string of outposts stretching from Maine to Georgia, such that adventurous young men and women, possibly disenfranchised by society and the economy, could trek from one end of the country to the other sharing each night with similarly disposed adventurers. Each outpost was to consist of dozens of beds, a kitchen, a chess set sitting on the porch. The idea was every traveler should feel at liberty to pursue the trail at whatever speed they desired, with the assurance that wherever their feet took them they would find welcome. Reality falls a little short of this vision -- most of the shelters are actually three-sided cabins with four bunks-- Mouse infested-- But still, finding a structure of obviously human origin in the wilderness is a comforting thing. Sometimes, on the trail, you'll come across an artifact of a previous traveler -- say -- a rope swing -- that is obviously constructed with such care that it seems to carry something of the soul of the person who put it there. I remember once coming to the top of a mountain and finding a meadow that was bare grass except for one tree in the middle -- and from that tree hung a rope swing that looked to have been there for decades. The Appalachian Trail convinces those who follow it of the existence of ghosts. Benevolent ghosts.

Human Interaction in the Sahara Desert Essay

Human Interactions Over the past years the Sahara desert has changed as a result of human interactions. Such as tourism, mining for oil, military testings, nuclear bombings and pollution. Deserti? cation is one of the many negative human interactions in the Sahara Desert. Deserti? cation is caused by climatic changes, over-grazing, deforestation for fuel or materials, droughts and ploughing the land for agriculture, these all led to the soil eroding away leaving the unprotected layer drying out in the sun making it unsuitable for vegetation to grow. Some effects of deserti? ation are endangered species, poverty and starvation of the communities that live there, these all occur due to lack of vegetation and limited amounts of water. †¢ Tribes such as the Tuareg and Bedouin Tribes live in the Sahara Desert and herd cattle. †¢ People using the Sahara Desert’s sand to make houses. Human Impact on the Sahara Desert The human impacts are things like oil rigs, oversizing cattle, and military training. These things are negative impacts. Things we could do to stop this is close down the oil rigs, move military training camps, and just not have as much cattle. The event is protest the oil rigs, transport cattle, and create new training camps. Human Interaction Tribes of the Desert/People who make it their home enforce the positives of a conservative cohabitation with the environment. The tribes, Tuareg and the Bedouin coexist with the beautiful sandy land. Instead of building houses with bricks and metal, they use the surrounding materials like sand, wood, straw etc. to build their houses. They conserve the land and try not to interfere with the land. The local tribes, Tuareg and the Bedouin conserve the land and try not to interfere with it, using surrounding materials to build their homes Negative Human Interaction Agriculture has become a great issue in the Sahara Desert. Prior to: †¢ irrigation farming and commercial cattle grazing †¢ the removal of the topsoil Resulting in: †¢ the ground not being suitable for vegetation to grow †¢ animal species are decreasing due to their homes being destructed †¢ less water and food sources for the animals and local communities. Nuclear tests, oil re? ing, power houses and solar energy are a great threat to the Sahara Desert. †¢ Military purposed bombings have bombed up vast areas of the plain Desert Resulting in: †¢ the top layer of the soil to be destroyed †¢ less areas in the Desert for the ? ora and fauna to co-exist peacefully. Nowadays a lot of tourists like to travel the world, especially to visit the Deserts †¢ camping, †¢ hiking, à ¢â‚¬ ¢ camel riding †¢ photography purposes. These all effect the ecosystem in the desert. What can we do to prevent it. We as humans have the power to stop this all from happening. When we travel to the Sahara Desert we can admire the beauty of the nature around us and not pollute so much. We can stop the nuclear bomb testings, or at least limit them so that we only test once every second decade. We can stop commercial agriculture in the desert and try to preserve the rich soil so grass and produce can grow for the animals in the desert. We can limit the camping ground areas, so that there are less spaces available for the campers to stay. We can educate younger people living in the desert who live in poverty and are not limited. Population and tourism control

Russian Minority and Border Issue in Baltic States

1. Historical background * Before the 18th century Baltic region had quite few contacts with Russian culture and Ortodox civilization. Region was already integrated to the West! And there was quite little common in the history of Lithuania in one side and Estonia+Latvia in another side! * Only since the end of the 18th century we can speak about the Baltic region as a region what has a common destiny. Destiny which is not pleasure to Baltic states.Since 18th century all Baltic States were as a part of Russian Empire: * Estonia and Livonia (modern Estonia and Latvia) as a part of Swedish Empire was incorporated into the Russian Empire after the Sweden's defeat by Russia in the Great Northern War in 1721. * The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (created in 1569) was partitioned in 1795 by the Russian Empire, Prussia, and Habsburg Austria. The largest area of Lithuanian territory became part of Russian Empire. * After the World War I in 1918 all baltic countries got independence.Thi s period was extremely important for national self-consciousness. * And again were occupied in 1940 by Soviet Union. After incorporation into Soviet Union Stalinistic red terror regime was started in Baltic region: systematic persecution and physical destruction of political, cultural, military elite of the nations. Mass deportations (to Siberia for example) began, also nationalisation and industrialisation were started. Strong ideological pressure by communists. So Latvians and Estonians historical hatred against Germans turned now against Russians.But memories from independence time actually helped these nations to survive Soviet period – at once we were independent, maybe will be again! * Regained their independence in 1990 after the fall of Soviet Union. Face some problems with Russia. As we can see all Baltic States was in similar position since 18th century. But if we look deeper, we can find that all these occupations made different impact on each country which caused different problems in each country. It was made by Russia delibarately. Latvia and Estonia had better industrial infrastructure before Soviet rule so it was more easy to carry on extensive industrialization here.Because of industrialisation there were lots of russian workforce brought to Latvia and Estonia. Lithuania was not so industrialized, so demanded more investments and also had more free workforce in its own rural districts, so Lithuania effectively prevented extensive Russian immigration, Latvia and Estonia couldn’t. 2. Issues after gaining independence As I mentioned before each of Baltic country faces different problems with Russia after independence. In Latvia and Estonia the biggest still remains russian minority issue. 2. 1. Russian minority issue.After gaining independence (in 1990) there left a huge russian minority in Estonia and Latvia, about 30% of population were russians. It was a huge problem to these countries bacause they wanted to emphasize their natio nal identity, unique language and culture. So the integration process of russian minorities was started just after the independence. Estonian citizenship was given only to the russians who lived in Estonia before World War II and their descendants. All Estonian residents, who had been Soviet citizens, had the right to register themselves as citizens of Russia or to choose any other citizenship.The Estonian Government actively promotes the acquiring of Estonian citizenship through naturalisation, thus reducing the number of persons with undetermined citizenship. A person who wishes to acquire Estonian citizenship by naturalisation must have been a permanent resident of Estonia for at least five years, have a basic knowledge of the Estonian language, have knowledge of the Constitution of the Republic of Estonia and the Citizenship Act. Residents without citizenship may not elect the Riigikogu (the national parliament) nor the European Parliament, but are eligible to vote in the munici pal elections.In 2012, 84. 3% of Estonia's population held Estonian citizenship, 8. 9% were citizens of other countries and 6. 8% were of undetermined citizenship. The same in Latvia – latvian citizenship was given only to the russians who lived in Latvia before World War II and their descendants. There is quite common non-citizen status in Latvia. Latvian non-citizens can be regarded neither as citizens, nor aliens or stateless persons but as persons with â€Å"a specific legal status†. They have the right to a non-citizen passport issued by the Latvian government as well as other specific rights.They have their own magazines, it‘s like uique community in Latvia. So a lot of russians don‘t bother about latvian citizenship and seek latvian citizenship only if they want to attend in political arena, because as non-citizens they can‘t do so. Otherwise there is no point for russians to learn latvian language. Russians in Latvia claim: „Latvian lang uage? Why do we need it? Americans didn‘t learn American Indian language, british didn‘t learn aborigine language. â€Å" Situation in Lithuania is totally different. There are 80% of lithuanians in Lithuania.Historically minorities in Lithuania usually knew and nowadays know lithunian language pretty well, apart some exceptions. Russia’s attitude to this issue. Russia is always complaining about russian minorities in Baltic countries. Russia state to European Union that human rights are trampled on because there is no appropriate respect to russian minorities in baltic countries. Complaints include all Balttic states although russian minority is not essential issue in Lithuania. Only 5,8% of total population are russians in Lithuania. Compared to Estonia (there is 25% of russian minority) and Latvia () , number is very low. . 2. The border issue. Estonia. Estonia had hoped for the return of more than 2,000 square kilometers of territory, named Petseri County, an nexed by Russia in 1945. The annexed land had been within the borders Estonia approved by Russia in the 1920 Tartu Peace Treaty. The border treaty with Estonia was swiftly ratified by the Estonian parliament in 2005. However, the Russian minister of foreign affairs withdrew his signature from the Treaty because he objected to the Estonian parliament’s ratification law which made reference to texts mentioning the Soviet occupation of Estonia.The border remains substantially the same as the one drawn by Stalin, with some minor adjustments. Latvia. In the case of Latvia, the border treaty was not even signed till today because Russia was angered by the Latvian parliament’s desire to add a unilateral preamble condemning the Soviet occupation. Also Russia insisted that the situation of Russian-speakers in Latvia must be improved before any treaty could be signed. The Abrene District has been the main reason the two countries have not been able to agree on a border treaty. T he Latvian-Russian border is functional in de facto terms.There are two possible ways in which the situation might develop in the future. The possibility that Latvia might entirely waive the unilateral declaration or that Russia might agree to ratify a treaty with the appended declaration. Lithuania. Russia’s border problems with Lithuania were different from those with Estonia and Latvia. True, nationalist Lithuanian groups questioned the legality of Russia’s take-over of the Kaliningrad region from Germany, and the first President Vytautas Landsbergis demanded not only the demilitarisation but also the †de-colonisation† of the region.However, all Lithuanian governments recognised the existing borders with Russia. In 1997 the Lithuanian and Russian presidents finally signed a border treaty. The Russian Duma, however, refused to sign the border agreement, openly explaining that it would remove one of the last obstacles to Lithuanian NATO membership and NATO bases. The Duma also claimed that the transfer of Klaipeda (Memel) from the Russian share of German East Prussia to Soviet Lithuania in 1945 was illegal, complained about Lithuanian politicians raising territorial claims on Russia and discrimination of Russian-speakers in Lithuania, too.However it was ratificated by Lietuvos seimas (Lithunia’s Parliament) in 1999 and by Russian Duma in 2003. Russia‘s policy with Baltic countries: * With Estonia and Latvia, Russian foreign policy is focused on the protection of the rights of Russian minorities. With Lithuania, where this card is useless, Moscow has developed more subtle tactics. * Russia’s tactics take the form of oil sanctions, ‘gas isolation’ and dissuasion of Western firms from investing in Baltic energy projects. * Russian interest: Baltic states as a window to Europe. Baltic States as an obstacle for Russian trade and communication with Western Europe.

The Emotional, Intellectual And Moral Orientation Essays

The Emotional, Intellectual And Moral Orientation Essays The Emotional, Intellectual And Moral Orientations Of Consciousness Of The Human Person And How They Become Disorientated. Introduction Mans world is manifold, and his attitudes are manifold. What is manifold is often frightening because it is not neat or simple. Men prefer to forget how many possibilities are open to them. (Kaufmann,1970) The human person is neither simple nor neat. It is a dynamic structure with many correlated parts, some of which are still areas of mystery, intrigue and simple ignorance. Thus to try and discuss the orientations of the human person we must try to narrow our fields of examination. This is in no way ideal but Purcell in I am I love you; the human person as friend implicates three distinct areas of orientation; the emotional/ aesthetic, the intellectual and the moral. These areas are actively orientated towards beauty, truth and good respectively. These orientations, when genuine, are not contained solely within the self or I but as we are dynamic structures firmly rooted within the world our orientations are projected outwards towards another or a Thou. It is when these orientations are confined within the I or when projected onto an It or We that these aspects of ourselves becomes disoriented. Orientation I When we begin to try and look into the emotional orientations of the human person it is obvious that we should try and examine its product, namely Art. Art is the manifestation of emotional communication, the voice inside that cries out to the other, waiting for a reply. The composer Arnold Schoenberg described this expression best in 1909: Art is a cry of distress from those who live out within themselves the destiny of humanity, they are those who do not turn their eyes away to protect themselves from emotion but open them wide to oppose what must be attacked. They do, however, often close their eyes to perceive what the senses do not covey, to look inside of what seems to be happening on the surface. Inside them turns the movement of the world; only an echo of it leaks out the work of art. In the first essay, called dialogue, in his Between Man and Man, Martin Buber describes a recurring dream he has where he lets out a cry into the world. His cry is answered by a new echo which seems to answer questions that were, unbeknownst to him, contained within his own original cry. If we take Art as this cry of distress it can be seen that the artist is indeed waiting for that returning cry of recognition, a deep meaningful connection through a dialogue without the boundaries or confines that encase us in everyday survival .It is through this dialogue that the human person bypasses restrictions to reach his audience and to converse and communicate with his own community, humanity. II In the search for truth the intellectual mind has often emphasised theory rather than experience. For our purposes though, both experience and knowledge of others and ourselves are required to examine the intellectual orientations of the person. For it is not just how I see myself as being but also how I live my life that is the embodiment of my personal truth. The phrase having the courage of our convictions can have a profound meaning in so far that in our search for our own meaning we must live out our own truth. Victor Frankl, while in a Nazi concentration camp, saw how people found strength in the meaning rather than the quality of their lives: We who lived in concentration camps can remember the men who walked through the huts comforting others, giving away their last piece of bread. They may have been few in number, but they offer sufficient proof that everything can be taken from a man but one thing: the last of human freedoms - to choose one's attitude in any given set of circumstances - to choose one's own way. (Victor Frankl) Again, however, we cannot over look the importance of interaction with another in defining our own meaning. Through thinking with others we can discover our own thinking and expand our own horizons of understanding. For genuine dialogue of our cognitive experiences is just as important a communication as

How to Make a DNA Model out of Candy

How to Make a DNA Model out of Candy There are many common materials you can use to form the double helix shape of DNA. Its easy to make a DNA model out of candy. Heres how a candy DNA molecule is constructed. Once youve completed the science project, you can eat your model as a snack. Key Takeaways: Candy DNA Model Candy is a fun and edible construction material that is perfect for making a model of DNA.The key ingredients are a rope-like candy to serve as the DNA backbone and gummy candies to act as the bases.A good DNA model shows base pair bonding (adenine to thymine; guanine to cytosine) and the double helix shape of the DNA molecule. Smaller candies may be used to add more detail to the model. The Structure of DNA In order to construct a model of DNA, you need to know what it looks like. DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid is a molecule shaped like a twisted ladder or double helix. The sides of the ladder are the DNA backbone, made up of repeating units of a pentose sugar (deoxyribose) bonded to a phosphate group. The rungs of the ladder are the bases or nucleotides adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine. The ladder is twisted slightly to make a helix shape. Candy DNA Model Materials You have several options here. Basically, you need 1-2 colors of rope-like candy for the backbone. Licorice is good, but you can find gum or fruit sold in strips, too. Use four different colors of soft candy for the bases. Good choices include colored marshmallows and gumdrops. Just be sure to choose a candy you can puncture using a toothpick. LicoriceSmall colored marshmallows or gummy candy (4 different colors)Toothpicks Construct the DNA Molecule Model Assign a base to a candy color. You need exactly four colors of candies, which will correspond to adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine. If you have extra colors, you can eat them.Pair up the candies. Adenine binds to thymine. Guanine binds to cytosine. The bases do not bond to any others! For example, adenine never bonds to itself or to guanine or cytosine. Connect the candies by pushing a matched pair of them next to each other in the middle of a toothpick.Attach the pointy ends of the toothpicks to licorice strands, to form a ladder shape.If you like, you can twist the licorice to show how the ladder forms a double helix. Twist the ladder counterclockwise to make a helix like the one that occurs in living organisms. The candy helix will unravel unless you use toothpicks to hold the top and bottom of the ladder to cardboard or polystyrene foam. DNA Model Options If you like, you can cut pieces of red and black licorice to make a more detailed backbone. One color is the phosphate group, while the other is the pentose sugar. If you choose to use this method, cut the licorice into 3 pieces and alternate colors on a string or pipecleaner. The candy needs to be hollow, so licorice is the best choice for this variation of the model. Attach bases to the pentose sugar parts of the backbone. Its helpful to make a key to explain the parts of the model. Either draw and label the model on paper or attach candies to cardboard and label them. Quick DNA Facts DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid) are nucleic acids, an important class of biological molecules.DNA is the blueprint or code for all of the proteins formed in an organism. For this reason, it is also called the genetic code.New DNA molecules are made by breaking the ladder shape of DNA down the middle and filling in the missing pieces to make 2 molecules. This process is called transcription.DNA makes proteins through a process called translation. In translation, the information from DNA is used to make RNA, which goes to the ribosomes of a cell to make amino acids, which are joined to make polypeptides and proteins. Making a DNA model isnt the only science project you can do using candy. Use extra materials to try other experiments!

Knowledge Management Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Knowledge Management Systems - Essay Example The objective of this paper is to identify and review the challenges of building and implementing knowledge systems. Also included in the discussion are the advantages of curbing failure factors of KMS as well as effective strategies in developing knowledge management initiatives. Identifying the challenges in building knowledge management systems (KMS) is a major concern. Bartczak (2002) claims that an intervening action towards achieving the objective of knowledge management (KM) is to determine the problems that inhibit knowledge transfer in different types of organisations. When a particular problem is recognised, organisations become capable of implementing approaches to reinforce organisational value through improved knowledge management. Knowledge is at the core of managing knowledge in organisations. In management literature, numerous studies have been proposed integrating the contribution of knowledge in enhancing management performance. Nevertheless, there are few researches about studying the chief failure causes in the domain of knowledge management (Chatzkel 2003). Through a comprehensive review of literature about the failure causes of knowledge management Malhotra (2004, as cited in Akhavan, Jafari, & Fathian 2005: para 3-4) states that: .. Prior discussion has highlighted that knowledge management system fail because of two broad reasons. ... For these inputs to result in business performance, the influence of intervening and moderating variables such as attention, motivation, commitment, creativity, and innovation, has to be better understood and accounted for in design of business models. Second, the efficacy of inputs and how they are strategically deployed are important issues often left unquestioned as 'expected' performance outcomes are achieved, but the value of such performance outcomes may be eroded by the dynamic shifts in the business and competitive environments... In other words, Malhotra is arguing that the most frequent mistake in building knowledge management system is incompetence in synchronising endeavours between human resources and information technology. He also emphasises that KMS design should guarantee that adjustment and improvement of organisational performance outcomes transpires in harmony with evolving processes of the business environment. At the same time, envisioning a wide range of future courses of human contributions and information technology implanted in the KMS can reduce the threat of rapid obsoleteness of these systems. The objective of this study is to analyse and discuss some of the most apparent problems or challenges in building knowledge management systems in organisations. The first section will discuss the inherent challenges in the management of organisational knowledge, such as employee characteristics and the trend of knowledge work. Then the challenges in embedded knowledge and information systems, as well as the failure causes in KMS will be discussed. The final section will provide an overall analysis and inclusive conclusion on the knowledge management

Final Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Final - Essay Example By not delivering the coffee as stipulated in the contract, Java Distributors has made a material breach of the contract. A material breach of contract comes into effect when a party to a contract substantially and unjustifiably fails to meet their contractual obligation(s). Although Green Coffee can take Java Distributors to court, it is advisable that it pursues a different path of dispute resolution especially considering that it will have to incur a lot of expenses in legal fees and yet it will receive a little compensation in case it wins the case in a court of law. As earlier noted, Green Coffee can pursue an alternative avenue in resolving the dispute at hand, other than going to court. It may engage negotiation, arbitration, and mediation, all of which are less costly and which are known to be faster than litigation. One case in point that involved a material breach of contract is Miller v. Mills Constitutional, Inc. In this case, the district court held that Mills had breach ed the contract by failing to deliver the materials that it had agreed to deliver as stipulated in the contract. In the case of Miller versus Mills, the case rightly ended up in court considering the amount of money involved. This case is quite similar to the case involving Green Coffee and Java Distributors. By failing to deliver the coffee, Java Distributors caused Green Coffee losses. Green Coffee was not able to serve customers and therefore lost business on that day. This being the case, Green Coffee should receive compensation from Java Distributors that equals the amount the Green Coffee normally makes on a Monday, tips included. The best thing for Green Coffee to do is to invoke a dispute resolution method that is less expensive. Since Java Distributors may be unresponsive to a negotiation, the organization would best apply mediation or arbitration to resolve the dispute. If mediation as a process is chosen as a way of resting the case, both parties will have to choose a neu tral party who will suggest ways for resolving the dispute and facilitate communication. Normally, a mediator is knowledgeable in the matters of law. In some cases, mediation may lead to litigation. By opting for arbitration, the parties rely on a neutral party (the arbitrator) who is not necessarily knowledgeable in legal issues. The arbitrator listens to both parties before making a legally binding decision which can be subject to appeal at the district court. Considering the situation, Green Coffee would better go for arbitration and avoid going to court as much as possible. Part B The location of the coffee shop, the environment, the clientele, and the prices of the products on offer determine the kind of table that is suitable. If the coffee shop is located in an upmarket area in Boston visited by high class clients and serves as a place where people meet, then tables with stained glass tops are suitable for purchase. On the other hand, if the shop targets middle class and low class clients and is located in a downscale location, stainless steel tops would be suitable. Whichever the choice between the two, a contact will have to come into effect. The contract will include an offer, consideration and acceptance so as to be valid. When a stained top glass is chosen especially, a warranty should be granted so that in case of any damages, there can be a replacement. Part C The three new workers signed a written contract. However,

Small-Business Opportunities with the Navy Assignment

Small-Business Opportunities with the Navy - Assignment Example By statute, the Navy is required to implement some basic small business programs. The government provides opportunities in acquisitions to small businesses including the chance to participate in subcontracts and prime contracts. The following are the steps for acquiring the contract The Company will aim to be satisfied as a small business. It is primarily because the government retains a certain percentage of its contracts for small business holders and vendors (Contractor reference guide, 2014). Our company will identify a need that is yet to be in the Navy. Through our observation, there is a niche in the floor refinishing sector. It is especially because our product is, and therefore we are the only ones who can provide this service (Contractor reference guide, 2014). The Company then sends procurement letter to the Navy small business specialist who will advise us on the contract acquisition process. We will also market our product to the small business advisor so as he or she can consider us in the contracting process. The company will lay out the services it offers and then offer a price for which it is willing to work. Smart pay is such a website and serves to as a link between over 350 federal agencies. All this agencies will locate vendors and business through this online service (Contractor reference guide, 2014). Electronic contracting services offer a platform on which vendors can acquire contracts. They are also necessary for business such as the Navy since advertisement of their contracts may be done on these online platforms. Smart pay services offer charge cards to agencies throughout the United States government through master contracts with major national banks such as JP Morgan and Citibank. The charge cards are for contracting services where businesses and vendors are paid through the relevant banks. The advantage of smart pay is that

Porous Silicon p-type with Different Current Density

Porous Silicon p-type with Different Current Density Photoluminescence and Band Energy Gap For Porous Silicon p-type with Different Current Density  and Different Etching Time 1Mohammed Jabbar Hussein, *1W. Mahmood Mat Yunus, 2Halimah Mohamed Kamari 3Josephine Liew Ying Chyl, Abstract Photoluminescence (PL) for porous silicon lead to studied by many researcher .this phenomenon which has application in many devices. Porous silicon can be used in the optoelectronic devices and sensor. Therefore, the study to development porous silicon is very necessary,. In this study, porous silicon was prepared by chemical etching used silicon , the based electrolyte was ued HF acid with ethanol 1:1 . The porous silicon was characterized by Photoluminescence Spectrometer (PLS) and (SEM) Microscope. The range of the porosity (20.33 – 78.2) % and it is dependent on current density and etching time. The has Band gap energy which is from 1.81 ev to 2.o7 ev , the band gap energy is increased with increasing current density and increasing etching time Introduction Since the discovery of visible luminescence in the room temperature [1–5], porous silicon (PS) has become a subject of considerable interest, optoelectronic device [6,7]. many several methods [8–10] for fabricating PS from crystalline silicon wafers. The electrochemical etching [1,8]. Both method is the difference between them the chemical etching without using the external bias, therefore, considered this method the localized electrochemical process chemically [11]. Porous silicon was discovered in 1956 by Uhlir ( Uhlir 1956) while performing electro polishing experiments ,hydrofluoric acid (HF) was prepared in to silicon wafer by electrolyte containing . He found that under the appropriate conditions applied current and solution composition , the silicon did not dissolve uniformly but instead fine holes were produced, porous silicon formation was obtained using electrochemical dissolution of silicon wafer in aqueous or ethanoic HF solution The size dependency of the PL energy , which explains the efficient luminescence , causes the peaks to sift towards the higher energy or lower wavelength , as already reported [12,13] ,the red shift in PL peaks with decreasing average size of Si structure size in psi is considered to be strong evidence that the visible PL is caused by the quantum confinement effect [14] . The degree of the blue shift for psi usually depends preparation condition , Si resistivity , substrate ,type and dopant concentration , which can cause different modification of psi microstructure during anodisation [15] The values of the band gap energy of the porous silicon are the same range of the reported ( 1.5ev to 2.5 ev) [16.;17,18] In this work , porous silicon p-type was prepared by electrochemical etching technique and photoluminescence PL spectroscopy was used to determine the wavelength the emitted light . Preparation porous silicon All samples were prepared on (100) n- type silicon (Si) single crystal wafers of 537 thickness. Silicon substrates were cleaned by sonification for 5min in ethanol, and acetone. A Si substrate was placed at the bottom of a cylindrical Teflon cell and fixed by an aluminium plate as a backing material. A platinum (Pt) rod serves as a cathode perpendicular to the Si surface at a distance of (1cm). The samples were prepared with constant current, density, and etching time at a concentration of ethanol ( in the volume ratio of 1:1. Theaside is an essential ingredient for the anodical etching of . Ethanol was added into electrolyte to enhance the homogeneity and uniformity of the () surface because it acts as a promoting agent to increase the wettability of () surface and to remove the extraneous H2 bubbles that appear during the anodical etching process. In fact, ethanic solutions infiltrate the pores, while purely aqueous HF solution does not. This is very important for the lateral hom ogeneity and the uniformity in depth of the () layer. A digital current source () was used to supply constant current. Figure (1) shows the schematic diagram of all the elements used for the preparation of (). To generate the electron hole pairs, the surface of sample was illuminated with halogen lamp () during iodisation. For all samples, a voltage of was applied to the halogen lamp for illumination. The current densities used for samples are 10 mA/cm2, 20 mA/cm2, and 30 mA/cm2 with etching times of 20mins, 40mins, 60mins, and 80mins. HF based electrolyte Pt electrode Teflon cell Si wafer Current source AL plate Figure 1: Schematic of electrochemical etching cell for iodisation of () samples Figure (2):porous silicon (). a without light .b)with light .c) after remove the porous . Figure(3) : SEM images of PSi a) silicon wafer as scale 1m, b)-porous silicon (). as scale. c) porous silicon as scale 500 nm .d) porous silicon as scale . Results and discussion The optical properties of psi samples electrochemically etched at three different current density and by varying etching time. Figures (4- a,b,and c) shows the variation of PL spectra with etching time for the psi samples obtained at the current density 10 mA /cm2 , 20 mA/cm 2, and 30 mA/cm2. The intense luminescence spectra emitted from porous silicon structures formed on the samples. The pl peaks show a steady red color shift from 500 nm to 800 nm with increasing the etching time . , Figures (4-a,b,c) PL peaks for porous silicon samples prepared under differnet etching time with the current density a) 10 ma/cm2 ,b)20 mA/cm2 ,c)30 mA/cm2. respectively The Figure (5) show the PL spectra of samples prepared by current density of 10, 20 and 30 , respectively ..The band gap energy () was inferred from (PL) wavelength (ÃŽ ») using (. the relationship between band energy gap with the current density and etching time is increased the band energy gap when the current density and etching time increasing [19] . Figure (5-a,b) show the energy gap () variation of psi samples as a function of etching time and current density , respectively Figures (5-a,b) Band energy gap as a function to a) etching time with different current density ,b) currents density with the different etching time . Respectively Figure (6) show the band energy gap versus the porosity for three different current density of the samples and deferent etching time. The band gap energy value is not linearly increased with increasing porosity because the change in the structure size of the silicon. The results show the dependency of the band gab energy value to the current density especially in high porosity [16] Figure (6) .band gap energy as a function to porosity with different current density. Table (1) .the values of porosity, band gap energy, and PL peaks intensity for porous silicon with different current density and different etching time Table (1) shows that the band gap energy increases from ( 1.82 ,1.90,194,and 1.97 ) ev to (1.86,1.91,196,and 2,01) in etching time (20,40,60,and 80 )min respectively when the current density increasing from 10 to 20 ,also the increases the band energy gap from ( 1.86,1.93,196,and 2,01) ev to ( 1.93,1.97,2.01 ,and 2.07 ) in the etching time20,40,60,and 80 )min respectively when the current density increasing from 20 to 30. The results show an increase the band energy gap when the etching time increasing. That mean the band energy gap depended of the current density and etching time . the results shown the band gap energy is increased with etching time , it is increase from (1.82,1.86,and 1.93 ) ev to (1.90 , 1.93 , and 1.97 ) ev in the current density (10,20,and 30) mA/cm2 respectively when the etching time increasing from 20 min to 40 min . as well to another etching time from 40 min to 60 min and from 60 min to 80min . Conclusion. In summary. The results show for the effects the etching time and current density to the band energy gap and the porosity. In this experimental the band energy gap is increased with increasing the current density the band gap energy increases from ( 1.81 ,1.88,194,and 1.99 ) ev to (1.86,1.91,196,and 2,01) in etching time (20,40,60,and 80 )min respectively when the current density increasing from 10 to 20 , . as well to another current density ,also the band energy gab is increased from (1.81,1.86,and 1.93 )ev to (1.88 , 1.91 , and 1.97 ) ev in the current density (10,20,and 30) mA/cm2 respectively when the etching time increasing from 20 min to 40 min . as well to another etching time . Acknowledgment The authors would like to thank Physics Department in the University Putra Malaysia for providing the research fealties. References [1]Canham, L.. (1990). Silicon quantum wire †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Applied Physics Letters,57(10), 1046-1048. [2]Lehmann, V., Gà ¶sele, U. (1991). Porous silicon formation: A quantum wire effect.Applied Physics Letters,58(8), 856-858. [3] Searson, P. C., Macaulay, J. M., Ross, F. M. (1992). Pore morphology and the mechanism †¦Journal of applied physics,72(1), 253-258. [4] Hummel, R. E., Morrone, A., Ludwig, M., Chang, S. S. (1993). On the origin of photoluminescence †¦Applied physics letters,63(20), 2771-2773. [5] Calderà ³n, A., Alvarado-Gil, J. J., Gurevich, Y. ., Cruz-Orea, A., Delgadillo, Vargas, ., Miranda, L. (1997). Photo-thermal characterization †¦.Physical Review Letters,79(25), 5022. [6] Joubert, P., Abouliatim, A., Guyader, P., Briand, D., Lambert, B., Guendouz, M. (1995). Growth and luminescence of n-†¦. Films,255(1), 96-98. [7Lockwood, D. J. (1994). Optical properties of porous silicon.Solid State Communications,92(1), 101-112. [8] Beale, M. I. J., Benjamin, J. D., Uren, M. J., Chew, N. G., Cullis, A. G. (1985). An experimental and †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ porous silicon.Journal of Crystal Growth,73(3), 622-636. [9] Hummel, R. E., Chang, S. S. (1992). Novel technique †¦Applied physics letters,61(16), 1965-1967. [10]Maeda, Y., Tsukamoto, N., Yazawa, Y., Kanemitsu, Y., Masumoto, Y. (1991). Visible photoluminescence †¦ matrices.Applied physics letters,59(24), 3168-3170.). [11]Lemus, R.G., Rodriguez, C.H., Hander, F.B. and Duart, J.M.M. 2002. Anodic and optical characterisation †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Solar Energy Materials Solar Cell 72:495-501 [12] Bisi, O., Ossicini, S., Pavesi, L. (2000). Porous silicon: a quantum †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Surface science reports,38(1), 1-126. [13] Nguyen, T. P., Le Rendu, P., Tran, V. H., Parkhutik, V., Esteve, R. F. (2000). Electrical and optical †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. silicon structures.Journal of Porous Materials,7(1-3), 393-396. [14] Hirschman, K. D., Tsybeskov, L., Duttagupta, S. P., Fauchet, P. M. (1996). Silicon-based visible light†¦..microelectronic circuits. [15] Bernini, U., Lettieri, Maddalena, P., Vitiello., Francia. (2001). Evaluation of the thermal conductivity of porous †¦Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter,13(5), 1141. [16] Rajabi, M., Dariani, R. S. (2009). â€Å"Current improvement †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ Journal of Porous Materials,16(5), 513-519. [17] Sheng, C. K., Mahmood Mat Yunus, W., Yunus, W. M. Z. W., Abidin Talib, Z., Kassim, A. (2008). Characterization of thermal†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. B: Condensed Matter,403(17), 2634-2638. [18] Srinivasan, R., Jayachandran, M., Ramachandran, K. (2007). Photoacoustic studies †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..Crystal Research and Technology,42(3), 266-274. [19]Ee, D. T. J., Sheng, C. K., Isa, M. I. N. (2011). Photoluminescence of porous †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences,15(2), 227-231.

Accounting Article Analysis :: Business Accounting Ethics

Accounting Article Analysis One of the foremost problems facing the accounting profession today is the loss of respect that faces accountants in light of recent accounting scandals. In order to regain lost respect in the accounting profession an accountant must have integrity and ethics that are above and beyond the norm. This fact is true whether the accountant works for a business entity or for a government entity. In either situation the accountant is responsible for remaining steadfast, not only in professional behavior, but in personal behavior as well. In recent years, accountants have come under fire by the general public for unethical decisions, a reputation that, although only a few individual accountants were guilty, the entire profession was found guilty of, in the court of public opinion. Now, the accounting profession must be far more diligent in governing themselves, and in assuring those dependent upon their decisions, that they are above reproach. This is especially true of those accountan ts responsible for government funds, which can be scrutinized by the public. The public seem to have set more rigorous standards than business investors, of what is proper use of the funds available. They will not tolerate waste or misappropriation of funds and demand complete accountability. Accountants must stand ready, willing, and able to answer any and all questions that may be put forth, and be able to prove that the decisions that have been made were correct and proper. This includes not only following the letter of the law, but avoiding any decisions that, while being legal, would not be totally ethical and above board. An accountant is trusted with confidential information which must remain confidential, unless it has led or could possibly lead to illegal activity, in which case, of course, the information, must be reported immediately to the proper authority.

Meaning of Arbitration

Courts are over bounded with a large number of cases and their disposal takes long time. Therefore a need was felt for a faster dispute resolving mechanism. That’s why â€Å"Arbitration Act† was provided with a view to give speedy justice to the people and also to avoid unnecessary court case expenses. It is an informal dispute settlement mechanism. Bangladesh has recently enacted a new arbitration law, known as â€Å"The Arbitration Act, 2001. The Act came into force on April 10, 2001. The Act has repealed The Arbitration (Protocol and Convention) Act, 1937 and The Arbitration Act, 1940. With this new enactment Bangladesh has kept pace with the recent trends in the field of international arbitration in the rest of the world. According to the topic of this assignment, I also agree that although arbitration was introduced for settling dispute but it is not serving it purpose entirely and precisely. Now I’m going to discuss about the reasons which are making difficulty for arbitration to serve its purpose completely. Meaning of Arbitration: Before discussing about the ineffectuality’s of arbitration, first we should briefly know what Arbitration really means. The word â€Å"Arbitration† means mediation, negotiation, adjudication etc. This means settlement of arguments, disagreement, and clash between two parties. It is a process in which a disagreement between two or more parties is resolved by impartial individuals, called arbitrators, in order to avoid costly and lengthy court case or legal actions. Arbitration is the most traditional form of dispute resolution. Arbitration is a binding procedure. It is often administered by a private organization that maintains lists of available arbitrators and provides rules under which the arbitration will be conducted. Such organizations can also manage the arbitration in whole or in part. Parties often select arbitrators on the basis of substantive expertise. Arbitration is adjudicatory, as opposed to advisory, because of the fact that the arbitrator (usually a retired judge or attorney) renders a decision at the end of an arbitration hearing, and that decision is final and binding, subject only to a very limited court review. Arbitration is sometimes referred to as â€Å"non-binding† if the parties agree to make it so, but that is really a misnomer. Think of arbitration as a binding, adjudicatory process. Arbitration is a process of resolving a dispute or a grievance outside a court system by presenting it for decision to a neutral third party. Both sides in the dispute usually must agree in advance to the choice of arbitrator and certify that they will agree to the arbitrator's decision. The Arbitration procedures differ from the procedures of courts, especially presentation of evidence. Arbitration avoids costly litigation and offers a relatively speedy resolution as well as privacy for the disputants. The main disadvantage is that setting guidelines is difficult therefore the outcome is often less predictable than a court decision. The reasons for selecting Arbitration rather than Court: * Speedier resolution; however, there can be exceptions due to multiple parties, arbitrators, lawyers and litigation strategy. * Less costly; however, there can be exceptions due to multiple parties, lawyers, arbitrators and litigation strategy. Not a public hearing; there is no public record of the proceedings. Confidentiality is required of the arbitrator and by agreement the whole dispute and the resolution of it can be subject to confidentiality imposed on the parties, their experts and attorneys by so providing in the arbitration agreement. * From defense point of view, there is less exposure to punitive damages and run away juries. * Limited discovery because it is controlled by what the parties have agreed upon and it is all controlled by the arbitrator. Often, the arbitration process is less adversarial than litigation which helps to maintain business relationships between the parties. * The arbitration is more informal than litigation. * The finality of the arbitration award and the fact that normally there is no right of appeal to the courts to change the award. So after the discussion we can say that, arbitration is a dispute resolution processes in which the disputing parties present their case to a third party intermediary (or a panel of arbitrators) that examine all the evidence and then make a decision for the parties. This decision is usually binding. Like court-based adjudication, arbitration is adversarial. The presentations are made to prove one side right, the other wrong. Thus the parties assume they are working against each other, not cooperatively. Arbitration is generally not as formal as court adjudication, however, and the rules can be altered to some extent to meet the parties’ needs. Why arbitration as dispute settlement mechanism is not effective: Now let’s discuss the about the chapters of arbitration which are making Arbitration less effective. Although settling dispute through arbitration is one of the most traditionally approved to methods for resolving disputes between individuals and parties, there are some lacking. Some disputes may not prove best resolved through arbitration either. Arbitration, itself, is a process of two parties mutually agreeing to allow a third, impartial party make a decision regarding an outstanding dispute. The decisions from an arbitrator are legally binding, and are enforceable in the court of law per the Arbitration Act, as well as numerous state and local laws following the federal legislation. Unless in cases of corruption, fraud, or other circumstances that would affect an arbitrator’s ability to remain neutral, almost all arbitration rulings are final. Additionally, the courts may rule against the decision and rulings of an arbitrator if the decision is against one party without basis. Arbitration also leaves no room for an appeals process in the vast majority of instances. This is a risk parties and individuals should seriously assess prior to engaging in arbitration, as well as when considering the methods for resolving their disputes. Following are some limitation which makes arbitration less effective: * There is no right of appeal even if the arbitrator makes a mistake of fact or law. However, there are some limitations on that rule, the exact limitations are difficult to define, except in general terms, and are fact driven. * There is no right of discovery unless the arbitration agreement so provides or the parties stipulate to allow discovery or the arbitrator permits discovery. * The arbitration process may not be fast and it may not be inexpensive, particularly when there is a panel of arbitrators. An arbitration award cannot be the basis of a claim for malicious prosecution. * Except in certain circumstances, non-signatories of the arbitration agreement cannot be compelled to arbitrate. * The large cost of legal fees in litigating a dispute. * The ability of parties to appeal to a higher court after losing at the trial court level and the lack of finality. * The fact that neither the jury or the judge may not have any knowledge nor experience with the subject matter of the dispute between the parties which results in the parties having to educate the judge as to the law and custom and practice. The ability to appeal to higher court adverse rulings on procedural. * Unknown bias and competency of the arbitrator unless the arbitration agreement set up the qualifications or the organization that administers the arbitration, has pre-qualified the arbitrator. Also, in the arbitration process, there is a limited period of discovery, which can lead to surprise evidence or testimony occurring during an arbitration process, which a party may or may not be able to effectively refute at the time of their arbitration hearing. Likewise, there is no jury to decide the outcome of a dispute, but rather, the decision rests solely in the hands of the arbitrators, whom usually consist of one individual or a panel of three persons, that may or may not be able to remain entirely impartial during all proceedings regarding all matters. Why â€Å"Arbitration Act 2001† is not fully serving according to its purpose? Arbitration in Bangladesh is governed by the Arbitration Act 2001. This Act repealed both the Arbitration (Protocol and Convention) Act 1937 and the Arbitration Act of 1940 and consolidates the domestic and international arbitration regime in Bangladesh. In mid-2004, the Bangladesh Council of Arbitration (BCA) was established as an arbitral body. The BCA rules have not yet been finalized. Arbitration in Bangladesh is governed by the Arbitration Act 2001. This is based on the UNCITRAL model law. Here are some reason for which Arbitration Act 2001 is failing to serve the purpose for which it was enacted: * There are difficulties in enforcing arbitration awards in Bangladesh. The difficulty is greater if it is a foreign party seeking to enforce an award against a local party. Where the arbitration is convened abroad, there have been instances where the Bangladeshi courts have allowed legal proceedings which interfered with the issues raised in the foreign arbitration. The Act provides that an international arbitral award can be enforced as if it were a decree of the domestic court. * Arbitration varies on the subject matters that mean weather parties will go for arbitration or not it depends on the context of arbitration contract. That contract has to be a written contract. Moreover, only those disputes on which parties has agreed previously will be considered as arbitration context. So, if someone wants to add another context which is far more important as well can’t do it as it was not mentioned before. * In case of cost it also may be huge sometimes. Although it is considered that parties goes for arbitration for lowering the cost of court case still some arbitrator may ask for big amount of money from the parties. So fee of the arbitrator is both expensive and inexpensive. As for the parties who does not want to give huge amount of money faces difficulties for going for arbitration. Generally, costs are not awarded to the winning party, although there is no law preventing the tribunal from doing so. * Thus, according to the new Bangladesh Act, a party to international commercial arbitration has to qualify as: (i) an individual who is a national of, or habitually resident in, any country other than Bangladesh; (ii) A body corporate which is incorporated in any country other than Bangladesh; (iii) A company or an association or a body of individuals whose central management and control is exercised in any country other than Bangladesh; or (iv) The government of a foreign country. This means that a commercial dispute between two Bangladeshi nationals having places of business even in different States cannot be considered the subject matter of international commercial arbitration under the new Act, which would be otherwise possible under the Model Law * In section 3 of Arbitration Act 2001, it says that this act will be only applied if the place of arbitration is in Bangladesh. * The Arbitration Act does not make provision for confidentiality in arbitration proceedings. If this is important to the parties then this should be dealt with in the arbitration clause. They are bound to maintain confidentiality. But they don’t maintain it properly. * There are no available institutional rules specific to Bangladesh. Parties are free to agree on the rules to govern the arbitration. In the absence of an agreement, and where the rules selected by the parties do not cover a particular circumstance, the Act sets certain default rules. * Under the Act, no judicial authority (including the courts) is allowed to hear any legal proceedings commenced by any of the parties to an arbitration agreement. However, section 7A of the Act contains an exception to this general rule. Under section 7A, the High Court Division, before or during arbitration may, inter alia, take interim protective measures in respect of goods or property included in arbitration agreement. * Under the Act, the only grounds for challenge are if: (i) circumstances exist that give rise to justifiable doubts as to their independence and impartiality (ii) The arbitrator does not possess the qualifications agreed by the parties. Where international commercial arbitration is concerned, a challenge against an arbitrator must first be made to the arbitral tribunal. An appeal against the decision of the tribunal goes to the High Court Division of the Supreme Court. The procedure for challenge may be modified by agreement. * As in court-based adjudication, arbitration outcomes are typically win-lose, not win-win. Thus, the arbitrator usually decides that one side was right and the other wrong. They do not often go out of their way to develop new approaches for meeting the interests of both sides simultaneously, as a mediator would do, though if a win-win solution is apparent, the arbitrator would probably recommend it. Conclusion and recommendation: The prior examination of the new Bangladesh Act, 2001 from a comparative perspective shows that the Bangladesh legal regime has embraced the fundamental tenets of modernization of international arbitration such as (i) party autonomy; (ii) minimal judicial intervention in arbitration; (iii) independence of the arbitral tribunal; (iv) fair, expeditious and economical resolution of disputes and (v) effective enforcement of arbitral awards. This modernization has also been brought about in the context of domestic arbitration. As the new Act is now about ten years old, it will be more mature to express any judgment on its efficacy as an arbitral legal regime and the impact it will have in the future for Bangladesh as a place for settlement of international commercial and investment disputes by arbitration. Certainly, Bangladesh, being a prospective destination for increasing foreign investment in the future, has made a positive step in the right direction by enacting the new law on arbitration. No doubt, there is still room for improvement in the Act itself as indicated above. It must be appreciated that in order to make Bangladesh an attractive place for much-needed foreign investment, for economic growth and development, and for alternative dispute resolution. Bangladesh needs more than a mere piece of legislation on arbitration at the present time. The Government and the judiciary, as well as the legal profession, must take initiatives and make constant efforts towards the development of legal infrastructure and institution building in the field of alternative dispute resolution, including arbitration. In this respect the following tentative suggestions may be worth considering: * When interpreting the new Act Bangladesh courts should not be detracted from the spirit of modernization of arbitration as a global phenomenon. * The members of the judiciary as well as the legal profession must appreciate the reality that in this era of globalization dispute settlement by alternative methods is not only a domestic matter, but also an increasingly growing international phenomenon in the context of cross-border transactions. They have to be open to absorbing international values, norms and principles while performing their professional functions in the field of international dispute settlement. * The need to create a specialist arbitration bench in the High Court Division may arise for the purpose of dealing with international arbitration matters more effectively and professionally. * Specialist bench may be constituted by appointing a certain number of judges in the High Court Division with the appropriate expertise and background in the field of arbitration. The Government, the Bar and the Bench must attend to the development of the culture of arbitration in Bangladesh. Judges and lawyers must be aware of the value of alternative dispute resolution when the courts are heavily overburdened with caseloads. They must actively promote arbitration. * The Government and professional organizations should promote arbitration and ADR and enhance the understanding of them by sponsoring and conducting educational and training programs for both the bar and the bench and for arbitration.

BUS ETHICS

The concept of a soft drink has evolved significantly over the past few decades. Over a period of time, the industry' has broadened by offering more of a variety to its consumers. With health issues on the rise, the industry has made healthier beverages available to consumers. The soda industry consists of many beverage companies, but the industry/s giants are Coca Cola, Pepsi, and Actuary Speeches. The soda industry is represented by the American Beverage Association, and many franchise companies are now members of this Association. Some companies assist and provide funding for scientific initiatives.The American Beverage Association and its companies are unified in wanting to take a leadership role in obesity/nutrition issues (Koshering, 2005). The Center for Science and Public Interest says that teenagers are consuming more high calorie drinks than ever, and fewer diet drinks than in years past, despite growing concerns about obesity (Affairs, 2005). The ASPI and other groups have sought to limit the sale of soft drinks in schools as part of a larger effort to combat the growing problems of childhood obesity and related health issues.Despite all, it is not feasible to blame one food product r beverage as sole contributor to any health issue. Consumers are at liberty to choose for themselves. The soda industry assumes responsibility by educating its consumers on the sugar content in all beverages. In addition, soda companies offer many alternatives to consumers. â€Å"Obesity and other issues are bigger issues in the states than in Washington, and they are tougher to fight in the states because you are dealing with 50 legislatures and maybe 100,000 school boards† (Finniest, 2005, p. 0). About one in every four people aged 18 to 34 drink one or more sodas per day, compared to people 55 or older (Mendel, 2014). It is the responsibility of parents with underage children to monitor their children's soda intake since most soft drinks are high in sugar. The negative effects that will occur when soft drinks are abused are inevitable. Most people are aware that too many sugary drinks can negatively affect their health; however, they continue to over-drink due to lack of concern, flavor, and easy accessibility.Although sugary drinks are the major contributor to the obesity epidemic, and our nation spends $1 90 billion a year treating obesity-related health issues, consumers are still downing soft drinks. Is it the industry negligent if consumers are over drinking? Absolutely not! The industry is not responsible for the amounts of sodas consumers drink; the consumers are! Many people believe that the soda industry is more concerned with its profit than its consumers. All businesses strive to gain profit and target markets where sales will be higher through advertising and marketing; however, consumers are important.Coca Cola is one of the giants in the soda industry. In 2013 Coke launched an anti-obesity advertisement recognizing the sweet ened soda and many other food and drinks that contributed to the obesity epidemic. They then advertised their wide array of calorie-free beverages to encourage consumers to take responsibility for their own drink choices and weight (Chance, 2009). I advocate for the industry because of its continuous effort to gear towards the needs of consumers. The soda industry is constantly satisfying their responsibility by educating the public about the dangers of compulsive consumption of sugary drinks.Sugary drinks combine with caffeine should heighten the awareness of the public and spark consumer attention to its health risk. Explain the Role Capitalism Plays in Corporate Decision Making Capitalism souses on profits driven by sales of products and services to willing consumers. Senior corporate executives generally have authority over the promotion of public goods and are under government control. It is also customary that the distinction be made between public and private sectors. In this industry, capitalism motivates and encourages stronger competition.Competition stimulates the economy, and it encourages productivity. Beverage companies compete through marketing strategies. For example, Coca Cola has an edge on PepsiCo because of its connection with people. Coca Cola conducts a market research study every three years across 55 cities. This market research was constructed around understanding human motivation. For example, human motivation is important to Coca Cola, that same motivation stimulate feelings of belonging, and the desire of affiliation (Saurian, 2013).When making corporate decisions, executives rely on human desire; therefore, the market is limited by what people desire. Capitalism embraces human desires, and corporate decision making play an important role in shaping the collective life of society as a whole. Capitalism plays many oleos; it allows business to sell their products or services at whatever the market accepts. Under the role of capitalism , people are able to work at jobs they so desire. It is in the interest of corporations that an increasingly greater proportion of people have the ability to enjoy the good life (Journeyman, 1993).Discuss if you Believe it is Possible for a Company to Cater to Both its Best Interest and the Consumers Conjointly or if one has to Prevail. When we focus on the success of any business, the first element considered is their customer base. Without loyal customers, the business merely exists ND will soon fail. Often times many employees working for companies forget that customers want to be loyal, it makes them feel good to belong; however, companies forget that loyalty is a two way street.Customers are the meat to any successful business and it is the responsibility of the business to cater to their customers. Maximizing customer satisfaction makes an important contribution to maximizing profits; however, the company is still faced with other factors such as; cost control, marketing, and productivity. These key factors can impact a business's bottom line. When customers are testified there is an opportunity to increase the repeat of sales. When customers are satisfied they tell other customers and in return, businesses profit.