Julius Caesar And Napoleon Bonaparte - 1431 Words

History holds many great and inspiring leaders, some being remembered by many as kings of their time. Two of these incredible individuals are Julius Caesar and Napoleon Bonaparte, both legends and incredible rulers of their time. These men represented what a leader should be, and exactly what made leaders so powerful. Although these two men lived in completely different time periods there are similarities and differences that connect the two. Napoleon Bonaparte was born on August 15, 1769 in Ajaccio, Corsica. He came from a respected family, the family strayed away from being involved with the military. Napoleon joined the military, and developed a skill as a leader. He continued to rise through the ranks, eventually gaining†¦show more content†¦He held a grudge for being exiled and strove to once again become powerful, even more so than before. Even though he returned to France a few years after to better constitutionalize France, he failed and returned to exile. Napoleon w as a magnificent leader, even though he became over zealous and power hungry, Napoleon was a driven man, never secure, never satisfied. â€Å"Power is my mistress,† he said. He demonstrated the charisma and intelligence necessary to lead a nation. He was a well respected leader that set the stage for many others to come, and that is revered by many.† Julius Caesar was the roman emperor from 49-44 BCE and was regarded as a great and powerful leader. His family was very well respected and helped him attain the tools necessary to lead. He was a supporter of the Populares, who were a political group that worked towards a better life for the middle and lower class. He had an amazing amount of energy, physical and mental, and held good health for most of his life. He inspired the public to follow him; thus, they named him emperor of Rome. This led him to challenge authority in Rome and create the First Triumvirate, or dominated by three powers. Caesar was a ruthless man, w ho did whatever he had to do in order to maintain power. Caesar often did things that were seen as vile and even illegal, yet he did them to maintain authority and lead, So blatant, however, were the

Sexism And The Use of Gender Roles in Dream of Jeannie - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 599 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/04/22 Category Sociology Essay Level High school Tags: Gender Roles Essay Did you like this example? While gender roles are learned as people grow older, gender identity is something that is engrained in our brains from birth (Bakanic, 2009). It is such a common occurrence that most people rarely think about it. Although there are many who do not want to be defined by their gender, they may still avoid certain activities or thoughts because they are associated with the opposing gender (Bakanic, 2009). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Sexism And The Use of Gender Roles in Dream of Jeannie" essay for you Create order Women have been viewed as weaker than men and are were meant to stay at the home to raise the children. Men are viewed as stronger and meant to protect and provide for the family. While these roles have generally remained the same, more and more women are working the same jobs as men. Sexism and the use of Gender Roles in I Dream of Jeannie I Dream of Jeannie was a television sitcom that ran for five years between 1965 and 1970 (IMDB, 2018). The show was about an astronaut who crashes on an abandoned island and finds a genie in a bottle (IMDB, 2018). The genie sneaks into Major Anthony Nelsons belongings and end up in his house. During the show, Major Nelson is constantly trying to hide Jeannie away, but she often tries to get noticed by others. Jeannie is a beautiful blonde genie who only want to please her master. She often tries to seduce him in attempts to please him (Sheldon, 1965). She wears clothes that would have been considered revealing in the 1960s. At times, Jeannie is rather ditzy and moody, while other times she is quick witted and intelligent (Sheldon, 1965). In the pilot episode, Jeannie calls herself a slave and says she only wishes to please her master. However, she often defies him, and causes a lot of trouble for him when she is upset (Sheldon, 1965). Now, I Dream of Jeannie would be considered an extremely sexist television show that demonstrates that many people believe that women should be subservient to men. However, during the 1960s, such behaviors were normal. Women were just starting to gain more roles in society and were becoming more adventurous. They did not want to just let men run their lives, they wanted to take control. Although the characters are not very conscious of their gender roles, there are many parts of the show that depict a woman trying to serve her master yet be her own woman at the same time. However, they do make several jokes about getting women under control (Sheldon, 1965). Sexism and Gender Roles in the Present Gender identity has become more complicated in recent years. It has become more common to go against traditional gender roles, and act like someone of the opposite gender. A study conducted in 2017 states that about 150,000 teens nationwide identify as transgender, meaning they feel as though they are outside the gender norms (Herman et al, 2017). There are now many new terms to describe gender. Waking up as a Man I would be very unhappy if I woke up as a man. I enjoy being a woman and have no desire to be anything else. Women may be considered the fairer sex, but we can work just as hard as men. However, I am quite the tomboy. I enjoy some activities that are generally viewed as male activities, such as wrestling with my kids, working on minor issues for my truck and may other types of activities. I do not think that my perspective would change because I understand both men and women very well. Although I am not strong like the stereotypical man, I still do my best to take care of things around the house.

Work, Power, and Energy - 1800 Words

Experiment 4: Work, Power and Energy Maria Isabela Mendoza, Carmela Miranda, Arianne Nagrampa, and Vivien Oreo Department of Biological Sciences University of Santo Tomas Espaà ±a, Manila, Philippines Abstract The experiment performed involved work, power and energy. On the first activity, the time it took for each member to go up and down the stairs was recorded. Afterwards, the work and power done were computed. The most powerful member in the group was student number 2 with power outputs of 239.4 W and 266.0 W when going up and down respectively. On the second activity, the graphs of the potential energy vs. time, kinetic energy vs. time, and mechanical energy vs. time of a ball thrown vertically were all predicted. Finally, the ball was†¦show more content†¦Work, therefore, is directly proportional to the force of an object. The greater the force, the greater work it will be. Power, on the other hand, is commonly defined as the rate of doing work. As seen on table 1, each member has a different amount of power output. The amount of time it took for each member to go up and down the stairs were both measured. Afterwards, the power output was calculated by dividing the work done of each member by the time it took to go up and to go down. When going up the stairs from the second to the third floor, student 1 took the longest amount of time of 17.3s. Note that time is inversely proportional to the power output. The longer time it has, the lesser the amount of power will be yielded. In contrast, the lesser time it has, the greater the power output will be. However, when going up the stairs, student 4 has the least power output among the group members with 204.4 W and a time of 16.4s. This is because student 4 has lesser amount of work than student 1. Meanwhile, student 1 both has the largest amount of work and longest time making the power output larger. Highe r work means higher power. When going down the stairs, student 3 has the least amount of power output. Student 3 has the least amount of work therefore she has the least power among the members. Lesser work means lesser power. Finally, student 2, with a power output of 239.4 W whenShow MoreRelatedWork, Power and Energy1351 Words   |  6 PagesExpriment 4: Work, Power and Energy Department of Math and Physics College of Science, University of Santo Tomas Espana, Manila Philippines Abstract Two activities were performed in this experiment. For the first activity, the weights of the different members of the group were each computed and were used in order to determine how much work and power each member exerted in climbing up and down the stairs while being timed. From the data obtained, it is apparent that as one is fasterRead MorePhysics: Work, Power, Energy2008 Words   |  9 PagesExperiment 4: Work, Power and Energy Arlie Bamiano, Jealine Marie Bernabe, Petrenne Clarice Caimbon, Jhia Caso Department of Biological Sciences College of Science, University of Santo Tomas Espaà ±a, Manila Philippines Abstract The experiment deals primarily with computing the work done by gravity on each member in two scenarios (going up and down the stairs of the second floor and the third floor of the Main Building) wherein weight was also considered and following this, the power outputRead MoreAnalysis of Work, Energy and Power Experiment764 Words   |  4 Pagesbecause the fan cart gives off a constant force. The result that we got for work in the four trials is increasing from the first trial to the last trial because we increases the distance it covers and the work is the product of the force and the distance covered by the object. And the power is the rate at which the work is done it is the work done per unit of time which is second. We got the values of power by dividing the work by the time we got in the smart timer reading. And in table 2, we measureRead MoreExperiment 6: Work, Power and Energy Laboratory Report1806 Words   |  8 Pagesï » ¿Experiment 6: Work, Power and Energy Laboratory Report Eljine Jayson Zhang, Shaira Madelene Vinta, Mel Marvin Villarante, Pauline Alyssa Vega, Camille Elijah Valdez, Nicole Dominique Vasquez Department of Physical Therapy College of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Santo Tomas Espaà ±a, Manila Philippines Abstract This report aims to show how to determine the power output of going up a staircase and going down the same staircase, to determine the change in kinetic and potentialRead MorePower Power is the time rate at which work is done or energy is transferred (Jones, no date).1400 Words   |  6 Pages Power Power is the time rate at which work is done or energy is transferred (Jones, no date). Hence, power is a mixture of both force and velocity (power= force x velocity). Power is an essential component of soccer. Players need to be able to move swiftly while applying a great force on the muscles they are using. This combination of both speed and strength can give footballers a massive advantage on the pitch. However, there are some players that may need to possess a greater amount of power thanRead MoreElectricity Via Natural Sources : Solar And Wind Energy1260 Words   |  6 PagesELECTRICITY VIA NATURAL SOURCES – SOLAR AND WIND ENERGY SOLAR ENERGY: INTRODUCTION –HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT As we all know that, history of solar energy is as old as the humans. Since last two centuries human beings started to use it in order to generate electricity. We get electricity form the sun, directly by some simplest processes or else we can get it without any processes too. ‘Many materials produce small amount of electricity when they are exposed to the light’ – this was discovered by AlexandreRead MoreHybrid Energy Using Solar And Wind1195 Words   |  5 PagesHybrid energy using solar and wind Sustainable conservation Abstract Hybrid energy systems are being used in rural areas as the advances in renewable energy technology are increasing. Hybrid power consist of two or more renewable energy sources used collectively to provide efficient and balanced energy supply. If multiple energy storage devices with complementary performance characteristics are used together, the resulting hybrid system can reduce the cost of energy storage over singleRead MoreExperiment 2011639 Words   |  7 PagesEXPERIMENT 201: WORK, ENERGY AND POWER John Michael A. Ramos, Phy11l/A5 Abstract The essential conditions to be satisfied for work to be done are: Some force must act on the object. The point of application of force must move in the direction of force. W = F x s. SI unit of work is joule. Energy is the capacity to do work. The two types of mechanical energy are kinetic energy and potential energy. Kinetic energy is the energy possessed by an object by virtue of its motion. Potential energy is the energyRead MoreAlternative Energy : Renewable Energy966 Words   |  4 PagesAlternative Energy. What is it? Alternative energy: energy generated in ways that do not deplete natural resources or harm the environment, avoiding the use of fossil fuels and nuclear power (Google Definition). ALternative energy is the way to go: it is cleaner than Fossil Fuels and Nuclear Power, it works with the environment, and is benefitial to the community. First off, the majority of the world, 80% of the United States uses Nuclear power or Fossil Fuels as a source of energy and electricityRead MoreWind and Solar Generated Electricity Essay1168 Words   |  5 Pagesnew techniques for power usage is more urgent than ever. As global warming as a result of Carbon Dioxide emissions becomes at the forefront of all environmental issues, the need for a global metanoia is encouraged. The breakdown of coal to create electricity becomes more and more frowned upon each day by environmental activists, the call for a greater proportion of alternative power such as wind and solar is recommended. The question is often posed as to which alternative energy source is leading

Conception of Free Will and the Concept of a Person

Philosopher’s Frankfurt and Sartre both argue about the conception of free will and the concept of a person. Sartre’s main point is on existentialism, the fundamentals of freedom and the responsibilities of our emotions and desires. Frankfurt focuses on the first order and second order desires. Identifying with a desire and externalizing them and taking a stance as an agent, as well as, the importance of morality and self interest. Jean-Paul Sartre is a philosopher who argues about the conception of free will. In order to establish the existence of free will, it would have to be verified whether it exists or not. Sartre asserts that perception is nothingness, and therefore nothingness composes free will. Since, I exist as a human being, it’s reasonable to say that my consciousness exist as well. We are nothing but our choices. Sartre notably says â€Å"existence precedes essence† by this he points out that we produce our essence with our own actions. As human beings we are free to decide and conclude our actions, even though we are defined by them. Consequently, we are accountable for the actions that characterize who we are as a person. We must start with our own experiences of ourselves, and this is what distinguishes us from every other kind of being. In regards to other things, that essence simply defines the existence. Essence classifies the feature of something. Sartre argues if God is nonexistent, there is no human spirit or real meaning. God is the creator of allShow MoreRelatedThe Differences Between Positive And Negative Freedom1165 Words   |  5 Pagesdifferences between positive and negative freedom. This topic has been a key division between political and moral philosophers for centuries. Berlin compared and contrasted these two concepts and determined that in his view, negative freedom was â€Å"truer† and more humane than the positive view. Berlin’s concern with the positive conception is that, in his view, it could be used to justify totalitarian governments and extreme laws. He was also suspect of making the distinction between a â€Å"lower† and â€Å"higher† selfRead MoreNeo Liberalism And Its Impact On Society1414 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction There is a heated debate on this concept during the past 20 years and is somewhat named as exhortation. Many authors have tried to describe this concept and related it with the spread of capitalism and along with a proactive welfare state. The concept of neo liberalism basically revived from liberalism. By this it can be suggested that liberalism was absent from politics in order to emerge in a new form. Neo liberalism is not basically a distinct ideology and a not properRead More John Rawls and Political Liberalism Essay1640 Words   |  7 Pagesfundamental question of Political Liberalism: â€Å"How is it possible for there to exist over time a just and stable society of free and equal citizens, who remain profoundly divided by reasonable religious, philosophical, and moral doctrines?† (Rawls 4). More specifically, how do these concepts help to preserve the traditional liberal values of freedom and equality? And do these concepts help to preserve stability within a pluralistic society? John Rawls book, Political Liberalism, addressesRead MoreWhy You Should Never Read A Theory Of Justice1343 Words   |  6 Pagesarguments about self-interest are â€Å"Egoistic Conceptions† (107). Under the classification of â€Å"Egoistic Conceptions,† models of justice would have the following principles: 1. First-person dictatorship: Everyone is to serve my interests. 2. Free-rider: Everyone is to act justly except for myself if I choose not to. 3. General: Everyone is permitted to advance his interests as he pleases (107). In meticulous detail, Rawls indicates that these â€Å"egoistic conceptions† should not be considered as alternativesRead MoreEssay on Human Cloning and the Value of Human Life1257 Words   |  6 PagesHuman Cloning and the Value of Human Life To recognize the value of human life, from conception until its natural end, is an achievement of civilization to be safeguarded as a primary good of the person and of society. Today, however, in many societies it is not unusual to see a sort of regression of civilization, the result of an incomplete and sometimes distorted conception of human freedom, which often finds public legitimization in the State legal system. That is, it happens that the respectRead MoreAnalysis Of Isaiah Berlin s Two Concepts Of Liberty1642 Words   |  7 PagesIn â€Å"Two Concepts of Liberty†, Isaiah Berlin examines two different conceptions of freedom: positive and negative liberty. He begins by discussing negative freedom, which he defines as â€Å"the area within which the subject †¦ is or should be left to do or be what he is able to do or be, without interference by other persons† (169). Under this definition, an individual is not free if he is coerced by another individual from m aking a decision he or she would naturally make. When discussing negative freedomRead MoreA Theory Of Justice By Rawls1569 Words   |  7 PagesIn Rawls’ book titled A Theory of Justice, Rawls aims to develop a theory of justice that brings new ideas and concepts to the traditional doctrines of philosophy. Rawls’ theory, justice as fairness, wishes to take the ideas of traditional social contract theories to a higher level of abstraction. His theory is thoroughly explained through a pre-societal position called the original position, the notion of the veil of ignorance, and the two principles of justice. Rawls starts out by describingRead MorePlatos Views on Life after Death1388 Words   |  6 Pagesdestined to go on somewhere in some state of being. In just what sort of way the soul would endure was a matter of question, in which at various points in his career as a writer Plato offered different accounts. Yet the most consistent part of this conception of the authors was the fact that the soul was everlasting. One of the positive effects of such a belief regarding the soul and its existence after the bodys physical death is that it can serve as motivation to lead a virtuous life. This factRead MoreRousseau, Mill, And Constant Articulated By Unpacking Essay1663 Words   |  7 Pagesliberty is the freedom to pursue whatever that person wants, while civil liberty is the freedom to pursue the general will. The general will is a key concept in Rousseau s The Social Contract. Rousseau defines the general will as the majority opinion of what is the most beneficial to the common interest without any influence from private interest. The first chapter of The Social Contract, opens with the famous phrase: â€Å"Man was born free, and he is everywhere in chains† (Book II, ChapterRead MoreKant And Locke On Freedom1118 Words   |  5 PagesNAME PROFESSOR NAME CLASS NAME 24 October 2015 Kant and Locke on Freedom The concept of freedom has long been a popular tenet for philosophers to explore. From ancient Greek origins to the present day, many individuals have discussed the importance of freedom and the role it plays within society in an effort to define its relationship to the human condition. Two philosophers that have studied freedom in depth are John Locke and Immanuel Kant. Both philosophers viewed freedom as playing a major role

Using the Law to Protect the Environment Free Essays

Introduction When defining the environment, Dimento (2003) states that it comprises of both natural and anthropogenic elements that are not only mutually interrelated, but has an impact on the ecological balance, life, human health, historical and cultural heritage and the landscape. From this definition, the environment comprises of three main things, the natural resources, the fauna and flora, and the properties which form part of the cultural heritage (Shelton Kiss 2005). The misuse of environmental resources and pollution worldwide has prompted commitment from governments and major stakeholders to put in place measures to protect the environment, and, consequently, environmental laws are being enacted in an effort to protect the environment (Dimento 2003). We will write a custom essay sample on Using the Law to Protect the Environment or any similar topic only for you Order Now The environmental resources cannot be rejuvenated once depleted; neither can it protect itself from misuse and pollution. Therefore, only the law can be used to protect the environment. Putting in place laws in charge of the environment will speak loudly about how the environment can be used sustainably as well as give prior warnings to those who may intend to misuse or pollute the environment. Laws usually give directions and consequences of going against such directions. Environment has its own rights and any violator of such rights will only be answerable to the law. According to UNEP, environmental law looks at the features of the protection programs which have been put in place to safeguard specific aspects of the environment and natural resources, such as water, air, waste and endangered species. It is also the reference point for judges presiding over environment related cases (Thirlway 2003). Before 1960, the environmental law did not exist as independently as other domestic or international legal issues (Shelton, Kiss Kanami 2003). However, international laws in place currently to help tackle the scientific issues which affect the environment, such as uncertainty issues, sustainable development, issues of diversity and settings issues of individuals and the society, and economics aspects of the environment (Fitzmaurice 2003). These laws seek to control the use of resources in a sustainable manner and to eradicate contamination of the environment through pollution and similar human practices. These laws, therefore, protects against loss of biodiversity, loss of fertility, desertification and famine, depletion of fishing resources, increase of cancers due to depletion of the ozone layer and damage of future generations (Zaelke, Kaniaru Kruzikova 2005). According to the United Nations (2003), sources of environmental laws can be classified into two categories: the National laws and the International laws. The basis of the legal mechanisms of the environmental law include prohibition and restriction of activities such as pollution, product and process standards, prior informed consent, environmental impact assessment, and land use regulation (Zaelke, Kaniaru Kruzikova 2005). Generally, these laws are formulated in such a way that they are preventive, that is, they prevent damage of the environment such that the use of some resources from the environment must be approved through rigorous exercises of environmental impact assessment and other similar regulations. This, in a broader perspective, helps in protecting the en vironment. Sanctions and penalties have also been put in place for those who fail to comply and this also helps in protecting the environment (Stanley, Johnson Gunther 1993). References. Dimento, J., (2003)., The Global Environment and International Law, .University Of Texas Press. Fitzmaurice, M., (2003)., The Practical Working of the Law of Treaties, In International law, Oxford University Press. Tarlock, D., History of Environmental law. Environmental law and their enforcement, Vol 1, Thirlway, H., (2003)., The Sources of International Law, In International Law, Oxford University Press. (272) Shelton and Kiss., (2005)., Judicial handbook on Environmental law, UNEP, Hertfordsire, Shelton, Kiss and Kanami., (2003)., Economic Globalization and Compliance with International Environmental Agreements. New York:, Kluwer Law International, New York. Stanley, Johnson and Gunther., (1993)., Managing Fragile Ecosystems: Combating Desertification and Drought, The Earth Summit: The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) n.d United Nations., (2003),. Handbook of Final Clauses of Multilateral Treaties, http://untreaty.un.org/English/TreatyHandbook/hbframeset.htm United Nations Environment Programme, Division of Policy Development and Law (â€Å"Unep/Dpdl†) http://www.unep.org/DPDL/law/ Zaelke, Kaniaru and Kruzikova,. (2005),. Making Law Work, Environmental Compliance and Sustainable Development.,Cameroon. How to cite Using the Law to Protect the Environment, Essay examples

Budgeting Commercial & Industrial Era

Question: Write about theBudgetingfor Commercial Industrial Era. Answer: Relevance of Budgeting the Modern Commercial Industrial Era In a time of changes in the modern management, where the autonomy and responsibility of the companies increases, the decision making demands pressure and speed, and therefore the factor of prediction and control of the budgets is of vital importance like an efficient administrative tool. It is for this purpose that this work is born on the elaboration and management of the commercial budget to face the future challenges of the current administration. In most companies the barrier is not to ignore the importance of the elaboration and control of the commercial budget, but to ignore how to do it, and even when it is done, not to take advantage of the advantages that would evidently give as an element of planning and control expressed in financial economic terms within the framework of a strategic plan(Drury, 2011). The design of a procedure for the elaboration and control of a commercial budget will contribute to the correct elaboration and control of the same in the company. The following are some of the other relevancies of budgeting in commercial era. It facilitates efficiency and control within the operation and requires cooperation between all departments of the company, motivating management to focus on defining the objectives(Patel, 2012). It alsopromotes standardization and control in the flow of information while reducing uncertainty which means a continuous improvement challenge for the executives within the company. This document deals with the different types of budgets within the business environment, as well as other generalities of this administrative tool vital for current decision making and for the future challenges of business management since budgets arise from planning, One of the stages of the administrative process, and help formulate strategies and policies associated with the different forecasts of current business(Sagar, 2009) Budget Programming Process: Critical Analysis and Recommendations This innovation generates a period of deep analysis and understanding of costs, promotes the need to budget and program and promotes technicality, group work and decision making based on comprehensive cost study and evaluation( Crosson and Needles, 2007). The role played by budgets is highlighted by prestigious modern writers who point to the vitality of prognoses related to cash management. References Crosson, S and Needles, B,. (2007) Managerial accounting, Cengage learning, USA Drury, C. (2011). Cost and management accounting. 1st ed. Andover, Hampshire, UK: South-Western Cengage Learning. Patel, B,. (2012) Project management, edition 2nd, Vikas publications, India Sagar, R,. (2009) Tulsians Isc Accountancy XII, edition 5th, Ratna sagar, India

Domestic Politics and Norm Diffusion †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Domestic Politics and Norm Diffusion. Answer: Introduction: The theory of global justice exists within the framework of broader school of cosmopolitanism (Acharya 2014). In this regard, it is noteworthy to mention here that, since time immemorial, the school of cosmopolitan laid emphasis on the importance of individuals rather than state and communities. According to the perspective of Cosmopolitans human being possesses equal moral rights and therefore acquires equal moral analysis (Acuto and Curtis 2014). In this context, if disagreement arises between cosmopolitans regarding the fact that how individuals fit within the subject-matter of equal moral concern. The essay intends to highlight the views of the cosmopolitans to the existence of individuals rather than states. In this essay the argumentative claims of different authors shall be emphasized. In this regard firstly the arguments of Liberal Rawlsians shall be presented whose focus was limited state-centric approaches. The arguments of Thomas Pogge will be presented in the second secti on which would attract much attention as it focused on human-centric approaches rather than states. Thirdly the approaches of moral cosmopolitan shall be applied to the mentioned arguments. Fourthly, the theory of Global Justice shall be emphasized. In the fifth section the views of contemporary authors against the cosmopolitans shall be emphasized. Finally, it shall be discussed that why the basic structure of international relations should be governed by the principles of cosmopolitans. The approaches have been identified as Kantianism and Utilitarianism which are moral cosmopolitan approaches. As a result of such focus on the moral value of individuals other than that of states the cosmopolitan scholars could critically evaluate the theories of justice which from the very beginning focused on the existence of states. The scholars of contemporary global justice emphasized on the moral worth of individuals by excluding the issues of global cohabitation. According to the opinion of Pogge, a just and stable institutional scheme which is involved by the concept of Justice by preserving the allocation of basic rights and opportunities and goods which is declared as fair within the nations and globe (Adler-Nissen 2014). Liberal Rawlsians agreed with such perspective along with other cosmopolitans by stating that there must be equal value within societies. It can be mentioned that Thomas Pogge laid emphasis on human-centric approach to justice while John Rawl emphasized on state-centric approach to justice (Aradau and Huysmans 2014). In this regard, it is worth mentioning that traditionally the theory of justice was based on political structures which were concerned with states by determining the power of the states to make laws and involve in the welfare of public policy. Therefore, in the opinion of Pogge political structures should be constructed in such a way by ensuring proper distribution of rights and duties between individuals of the states (Berger 2014). However, the traditional theory of justice dealt with the concept of distributive justice where revenue is shared equally within the states however, it is not equally distributed between individuals of the society. As a result of such inequality in the distribution of wealth the individuals of states were refrained from living a decent life. In the perspective of Thomas Pogge, such concept can prevail within the framework of a democratic society (Buzan and Lawson 2014). In this context, it c an be stated that the traditional theory of justice was associated with the presence of states however, the existence of human beings were ignored. However, the traditional theory of justice was designed in a way to deal with the issues of the state. Various cosmopolitan scholars dealt with the issues arising out of the traditional theory of justice by applying the approaches of Utilitarianism and Kantianism (Chan et al. 2015). The utilitarian approach can be applied to the traditional theory of justice as it cannot be applied to the subject-matter of moral philosophy. In this regard, it is noteworthy to mention here that the moral principle of utilitarianism is to maximize utility which is applicable to the actions of individuals and the concept of international relations (Fabbrini 2016). However, Kantianism approach was based on the foundation of two basic rights- acquired and innate. Views of Thomas Pogge: Different cosmopolitan scholars argued that the questions regarding the traditional theories of justice has created limitations in a modern era (Holzscheiter 2014). It is worth noting that with the advent of global institutions which proved to be efficient in performing the major functions of the state which includes the power to make laws and to impose or collect taxes. In this regard, Thomas Pogge was of the opinion that there existed inequalities between individuals which are a concern of the nations as it constituted a major global issue. Therefore, Thomas Pogge laid emphasis on the issue regarding global inequalities arising between individuals of the states by applying the approaches of Utilitarianism and Kantianism. However, from the very beginning Thomas Pogge grounded his arguments in various other ways by widening the scope of international justice thereby taking it to a global level. As a result of these arguments, the term global justice came into being and thereby the th eories of international relations originated. It can be noted that the theories of international relations laid much emphasis on the individuals rather than the states. Thomas Pogge also focused on the issues of global poverty. Therefore it was argued by Thomas Pogge that the programs of poverty alleviation laid emphasis on the redistribution of resources and revenues between different sections of the society- the rich and the poor (Hurd 2014). With the evaluation of humanitarian intervention, Thomas Pogge presented vide argument regarding the issue related to individuals over the objectives state-centric theories. He emphasized human beings should be given the highest priority over the objectives of state-centric ideas. The issues related to global health was argued by stating that global structures acts significantly in determining the health of individuals (Kelley and Simmons 2015). Since time immemorial, scholars of Cosmopolitan global justice have been focusing on the issues regarding gender inequality, warfare, immigration as well as climatic change. The concept of global justice is appropriate to the field of International Relations. However, Cosmopolitan scholars have engaged themselves with the evaluation and assessment of fundamental issues caused as a result of global intervention. According to Pogge, that International Relation is a modern theory that shall remain relevant as long as there is an existence of global issues. According to the perspective of Thomas Pogge, the basic structure of international relations is concerned with the study of individuals. The principles of international relations are governed by the relationship between individuals rather than states. From the very beginning the structural framework of international relations is not governed by the principles of inter-state relations ((Risse 2016). However, according to the views of cosmopolitan scholars, the moral concern of the individuals shall be taken into account for ensuring the fact that individuals should be prioritized over states. It has been emphasized by cosmopolitan scholars that the subject matter of human rights occupies an important position in the discussion related to the importance of human dignity. It has been observed that while the cosmopolitan scholars were concerned with the issues of human dignity, others were concerned with the processes of social changes within the states. Approaches of Moral cosmopolitans: It is noteworthy to mention here that, two different scholars in the same field shall not have exactly the same perspectives. Therefore, the concept of global justice has been criticized by several authors on various grounds. According to Miller, national borders occupy significant position as compared to the principles of cosmopolitan global justice (Kelley and Simmons 2015). In his opinion, in order to come to a conclusion which involves an agreement on the principles of global justice it is essential to acquire knowledge about the history and cultures of global principles. The principles of global justice can be differentiated from the national borders in making effective decision regarding what is right or wrong. According to Nagel and Blake, in order to achieve global justice it is important on the part of the states to initiate the establishment of powerful global institutions (Nikolayevich Chumakov 2014). There is no such existence of global institutions that exerted power ove r the states and individuals. Modern scholars also regarding the concept of cosmopolitanism as a western-centric theory which do not have a global appearance. According to them, the concept of global justice is concerned with the importance of individuals in relation to human rights which from the beginning has been regarded as western ideals. However, it is worth mentioning that such criticisms could not affect the importance of the principles of global justice as well as the theories of International Relations. Global justice has favorable effects on climatic changes which proved to be effective in addressing the inequalities between the individuals other than states (Aradau and Huysmans 2014). It is evident that climate changes require the assistance of global solution. In this regard, it can be observed that change in climate formulates unfair distribution of benefits and burdens individuals acquiring moral and equal values. According to the views of cosmopolitan scholars, change in climate is likely to affect individuals to a great extent (Berger 2014). In order to provide appropriate solution to such issue, different ideas were formulated by the scholars for the purpose of prioritizing individuals over states. In this regard, Thomas Pogge laid emphasis on such prioritization by defining three different rights which poses as a threat to individuals. The three rights can be emphasized as right to health, right to food and right to life. However, the cosmopolitan scholars ensured that prog rams combating climatic changes shall not in any way violate the three basic rights. In this regard, cosmopolitan scholars also emphasized that individuals prefer to live in an environment which contributes adequately to their wellbeing (Adler-Nissen 2014). In this regard, the cosmopolitan scholars presented their argument by stating that priority is not concerned with the protection of individuals as it is the major concern of international laws (Risse 2016). However, the creation of rights related to climatic changes must be defended to the highest priority. The cosmopolitan scholar focused on the conception of rights with the inclusion of both procedural and substantive rights (Chan et al. 2015). The procedural and substantive rights are associated with the participation of policy implementing procedures where individuals shall have the right to share their concern about the prevailing conditions and policies (Nikolayevich Chumakov 2014). The cosmopolitan scholars were not only concerned with basic human rights however; their main concern was regarding the implementation of fair procedures. Thomas Pogge was right in his view as he pointed out that traditionally the principle of cosmopolitanism is concerned with the issues of both states and individuals. Therefore, the cosmopolitan scholars argued that individuals can contribute in lowering environmental hazards by including the participation of state-authorities and international financial institutions (Holzscheiter 2014). Various debates have been conducted between cosmopolitan and traditional scholars where various ideas were circulated concerning states and individuals. While discussing about the factors of climatic changes, global justice scholars rightly opted for the discipline of International Relations in order to reach a new destination. Since time immemorial, the theory of International Relations is concerned with the issues of global disturbance (Welch 2014). In this regard, cosmopolitan scholars effectively contributed in widening the theoretical outlook of International Relations by shifting the existing concern from states to individuals. In this way the cosmopolitan scholars were able to address the issues of global disorder efficiently (Weiss and Wilkinson 2014). In spite of various approaches on the part of scholars, the states involved themselves with the duty of managing warfare and conflict between states other than addressing the issues of individuals by encompassing global agreements. According to Pogge, in modern times global justice has been represented as an issue which has not gained recognition as compared to other theories like liberalism and realism (Aradau and Huysmans 2014). However, in recent times, with the advent of issues regarding transnational terrorism, immigration issues, climatic change s and global inequalities the principles of global justice achieved worldwide recognition as it could efficiently address the issues regarding global conflict and cooperation. It has been argued by Cosmopolitans that every international community is vested with a responsibility to involves themselves for the benefit of the individuals. The international communities are involved in the process of active intervention in order to safeguard the rights of vulnerable individuals from violation. They initiated the development of cosmopolitan justice which is governed by the principles of global rule of law (Buzan and Lawson 2014). Many scholars highly criticized the arguments placed by the cosmopolitan scholars by on the grounds of illogical and unreasonableness (Welch 2014). According to them, the cosmopolitans could not address the issues regarding systematic and chronic organizational factors which undermine the major cases of threats faced by the individuals of the states as a whole (Welch 2014). The arguments of the cosmopolitan scholars were examined where it was observed that how the intervention of humanitarian military failed to safeguard the interests of the individuals. It can be emphasized the arguments circulated by contemporary cosmopolitans narrowly focused on the crisis of structural changes. However, the cosmopolitan scholars could recognize the principles of humanitarian intervention and therefore actively contributed in incorporating the regulations of distributive global justice (Acuto and Curtis 2014). The cosmopolitan scholars were able to secure the position of individuals by protecting their moral rights (Kelley and Simmons 2015). The cosmopolitans rightly stated that in order determine the regulations of international relations, it is important on the part of the international community to contribute efficiently towards failed states. However, focus should be solely on the aggressive states in order to maintain peace and order. In the perspective of Pogge, the principles of global justice reflected equal concern towards individuals while addressing the issues of states (Pegram 2015). The cosmopolitans were of the view that the traditional theory of global justice was responsible for inequalities between states and individuals (Chan et al. 2015). It is noteworthy to mention here that such inequalities arose as a result of unequal development within states. However, in some cases, such inequalities may arise as a result of decisions taken by state members who are at the obligation of taking appropriate decisions regarding individuals. However, cosmopolitan scholars emphasized that the elimination of such inequalities could be possible by improving the condition of socio-political institutions (Aradau and Huysmans 2014). The cosmopolitan scholars emphasized that the principles of global justice focused on reducing the inequalities between individual to a large extent. Why Thomas Pogges views gained much recognition: Thomas Pogge forwarded his opinion by stating that from the very beginning the concepts of domestic tyranny and international transactions are not connected. International transactions are associated with the fair exchange of market prices which involves the intervention on individuals (Weiss and Wilkinson 2014). However, the concept of domestic tyranny is completely unjustified. According to Pogge, every individual should have the ability to address the right questions. In this regard, the right questions can be labeled as How to provide eradication of global poverty?or How to organize the world in a better way? The theorists of Cosmopolitan emphasized that from the very beginning the principles of global justice were concerned with the states. However, the condition of nation-state has been challenged by the intervention of global forces. Therefore, the best possible way to protect the interests of the individuals is to promote the development of new political institutions. It is important to note that according to the perspective of relational cosmopolitans inequality between individuals should be reduced. However, such perspective can be totally related to the wellbeing of individuals and the relation between them. As stated by Pogge, the basic structure of international relations should not be governed by interstate principles; however the principles of cosmopolitans shall apply in order to address the inequalities between individuals and states. In this regard, various differences formed between Pogge and the other scholars for the purpose of deciding the actual mechanisms that shall be required for addressing the inequalities. According to the perspective of Pogge, the terms of agreement of international relations shall be framed in such a way so that the social inequalities which arise from natural consequences tend to disappear overtime (Risse 2016). Justice is about the equal wellbeing of the individuals as a whole. Justice is associated with va rious other objectives like to practically involve in foreign policy and global intervention. Firstly, in order to address the inequalities, the states are at the duty to reform the rules of international order which are in existence (Pegram 2015). Since time immemorial, the rules of international relations have been discriminating between the rich and poor. However, at present the rules of international trade is subsidizing the rich and thereby the access of the poor countries towards natural resources has been blocked. In some cases, the poorest countries do not have any access to imports. The objective of Global Justice is to order the rich countries so that they provide access of their markets to poorer countries. It was argued by Pogge that the rich countries can easily open opportunities towards the poorer countries however; such initiation shall not cause any disproportionate harm on their part (Nikolayevich Chumakov 2014). Such reforms are no longer in existence and are not a matter of concern to the individual states. However, it is important on the part of individual states to participate in various global forums like the WTO. According to the Cosmopolitan scholars the states are at the authority to initiate the creation of an international order which should not in any way harm the interests of the poor section of the society (Nikolayevich Chumakov 2014). It is worth noting that such duty is applicable on the part of both the international societies and individual states for the purpose of changing their acts and practices. The multilateral agreements in which such individual states and international agreements are parties shall also change their outlook. Conclusion: In the conclusion it can be stated that in order to achieve the Global justice it is important on the part of the states to develop an ideal theory. In order to provide ideal principles individuals it is important on their part to serve as productive members. 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